Chapter-4 History and Development of Academic Libraries
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Chapter-4
History and Development of Academic Libraries
63
4.0. Introduction
A library forming part of or attached to a university, college or
any educational institution is known as academic libr9-ry and it is
differ from public library and special library and functions as an
auxiliary to parent institution in carrying out the objectives, mainly
the education and an important intellectual resource of learning
community.
Indian education, especially higher education system is the
oldest in the world. From ancient times India has been considered the
center of higher learning institution and libraries in the World. For
example, Taxila, Kashi, Nalanda and Taxila were considered the first
University in the World and regarded as 'intellectual capital of Indian
Higher Education and these institutions had a very good library (Gul,
2008).
The most important indicator of the development of any country
is its higher education and the ability of its people to reflect on critical,
social, economic, moral, spiritual issues facing humanity (Devarajan,
1999). The college and university libraries are useful and functional
appendages to higher education. Aims of Education are to impart
knowledge and academic libraries are repositories of knowledge and
integral part of education.
Academic Libraries have a close relationship with learning and
research and influence the academic fields. The responsiveness of
students and faculty needs quality of services and academic library
can rendered better services and able to meet the demands with the
help of its collection development by resource sharing (Weiner, 2005).
Long history of academic library in India, started from chained
and closed access form of the ancient time to present modern
development. The studies of the librarians have also changed from
storekeeper of the library holdings to Information Officer or Navigator
or Cyberians of modern library services (Mahajan, 2005).
Any academic library, serving the needs of an educational
institution, offers courses of instruction beyond the elementary or
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secondary level which culminates in a degree could be considered
college library and have established for a single-purpose and serves
to the homogenous type of users. Academic library has significant
relationship with the teaching learning community and influence on
higher learning and research.
Academic libraries of the society have increase importance to
the intellectual community, economic and social development of the
nation. The study of the history of the academic library has been a
reflection of development of higher education of India. The importance
of the academic libraries was recognized by the various Education
Commission of India (Sambasivan, 1999).
College libraries have a close relationship with teaching learning
systems and have influenced the academic purpose as well. The
history of the academic libraries is the development, evolution and
change has occurred in the history of their parent institutions.
4. 1. History of Academic Libraries
Research in 'History of Libraries m India' is not yet done
properly. As a result the record available to us was imbalanced and
has an information gap (Rajgopalan, 1993). The 'father of library
Science' and Padmasree Dr. S. R. Ranganathan expressed his opinion
in a Radio Talk on, 'an account of the Libraries in the first four
periods, i.e. the Vedic Period, the Buddhist Period, the Medieval Period
and the Muslim Period, must necessarily depend upon historical
research (Bhatt). This is not yet done by the elderly library
professionals and this profession is too small in India to spare a
person to fill up the antiquarian gap and the benefit the librarians and
those they served Ranganathan,1956).
The proceedings of the International Symposium held in April,
1988 in Wolfenbuttel, Germany, on "library history research marked
as a remarkable survey towards the status of the library and real
growth of the modern library movement. This survey was done by the
research scholars of the different nations. Growth of the modern and
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sophisticated library movement starts in India in the later part of 18th
Century.
The aim of education is to communicate knowledge and produce
of good citizen of the country (Vasanti, 2001). Accordingly, the
function and the responsibilities of the 'Librarians' have changed.
From store keepers who were only concerns with protection of books
against theft, mutilation, and pilferage to that of 'Information Officer',
'Navigators', and 'Cyberians', webrarians, who have found themselves
in the vast ocean of reading materials and busy with the work to
satisfy their clients who desire information anytime and anywhere
(Roychoudhury, 2009).
Academic libraries no longer restrict themselves to print
services, such as collection development, cataloguing and
classification, circulation and reference services, current awareness,
selective dissemination and other bibliographic services from print
document, but have extended their efforts to interdisciplinary
concepts and computer software and hardware and information and
telecommunication technology (Anunobi, 2008).
The modern library movement has roots in the later part of 18th
century and real growth appearing a century or more later. A program
for professional library education develops in the main centers of
Madras in 1930 and Bombay (now Mumbai), Calcutta (now Kolkata)
and Delhi in 1940s. A summer school leading to diploma course in
library science started in Madras University under the leadership of
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan and later part this course has been converted
into one-year post-graduate diploma course in library science
(Mahajan, 2005). Indian academic library history has treated various
chronological periods, types of libraries, geographical areas or a mix of
these.
Academic libraries have always had a pivotal role to support
academic institution by storage the library documents, processing the
materials and arrangement for dissemination of Information for the
user's community. Some libraries are served in general in nature and
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their users are heterogeneous in character. But some other libraries
are special in nature and served to the selected community, these
libraries users are of homogenous character. Libraries in India have
been categorized as follows:
I. Academic Libraries: Comprising University, College and
School libraries;
II. Special & Govt. Libraries: R & D libraries, specialized
libraries of liT, liM, Agriculture and Medical Sciences;
III. Public Libraries: Comprising National Library, State
Central Library, District Central libraries, Sub-Division
and Town Libraries and Rural and Primary Unit Centre
etc (Singh, 2008).
4.2. Academic libraries in different periods
The developments of academic libraries are divided into three
distinct periods and these are mentioned here:
1. Ancient period;
2. Medieval period; and
3. Modern period.
Ancient academic libraries start from the Nalanda University
and some other higher educational institutional libraries. The
personal collections are not discussed here.
4.2.1. Academic Libraries of Ancient period
In the ancient time, there are educational centre like Trudla,
Nalanda, Kashi, Vallabhi, Vikramshila etc. Trudia University was not
an organized University or Institution. But it was imparted on the
family system of different special subjects where special and higher
studies were carried on. So that the collection of 'puthi' remains in the
hand of personal custody, i.e. it was the property of the family.
Nalanda University was famous for its Hinayana studies and
had very good libraries and 3rd century A. D. the university did not
flourished. This University was considered as important seat of
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learning at Kanheri, on the West Coast of India, flourished during the
reign of 'Amoghavarsha' in the 9th century A. D (Jha, 1991). This
University administration has felt the necessity that teaching will not
be completed without a library and library occupied a significant
position within the establishment and donors provided money to buy
books for the library. The University library setup in three buildings
and they were known as 'Ratnasagar', 'Ratnaradhi' and 'Ratnaranjak'.
The University of Vallabhi, University of Oadantapuri, had their good
libraries (Jayapalan, 2005).
The last famous seat of learning in Eastern India was Nadia in
Bengal. Education in Nadia University was imparted in three certres.
These centres were situated in Navadweep, Shantipur and Gopalpara.
It reached its heights of glory 1083 to 1106 A.D. as a centre of
intellectual excellence as well as its library facilities, when Lakshman
Sen, a King of Gouda, made its Capital and setup Nagarjuna
Vidyapeeth in South India has a library on top floor of the institution
in 7th century A.D (Jayapalan, 2005).
4.2.2. Academic Libraries in Medieval Period
Education in 'Medieval Period' of India was confined to small
group of people and private individuals who set up institutions of their
own initiative and interest. When Muslim rules India, at the beginning
of 13th Century, special attention was given to the libraries and taken
care to established educational institution. There was no separate
building was constructed for the use of library. Books were deposited
and preserved in educational institutions or mosques. Muslims rulers
were helped to enrich these libraries. The 'Tughluq Dynasty' had built
one thousand Madrasa, each having a library.
From 'Babar' to 'Jahangir" resign period of India, they were very
much fond of books and they have their own library (Jayapalan,
2005). Babar had a good library of his own and it has the collection of
3000 volumes. The Mughal Rulers in India patronized the education
systems and the duties of the 'Tawarikh of Sayed Maqbar Ali', a
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Minister of Babar, that one of the duties of hrat-i-Am (Public Works
Department was building schools and colleges. 'Humayun' thoughts
that indolent and addicted to opium had a passion for study and he
always carried a selected library with him. He has established a
Madrasa in Delhi and changed the 'pleasure house' which was built
by "Sher Shah" in his Puran Quilla made into a Library for his
personal use. It revealed that the Mughal Ruler, they are personally
fond of a good reader and their intention was to patronize the Madrasa
education system in India (Chitnis, 2002).
The period of Akbar's reign marked a new system of education,
in Schools and Colleges established not only at Fathpur Sikri in Agra
but also at the some others places in India. It has the hope that
Muslim education will be improved the Islamic people and has made
certain changed in the curricula of Madrasa Education.
The Hindu people were allowed to take part in the Madrasa
education. 'Jahangir' ,the Mughal Emperor, issued a regulation to the
effect that on the death of Richman or traveler without any heir, his
property would be escheat to the 'Crown' and this will be spend for
building and repairing 'Madrasa', 'Maktab 'Monastery etc. during the
Muslim period of education, libraries and scholars and granted
stipend to many students (Jayapalan, 2005).
The Sultan of Kashmir had constructed Madrasa with good
libraries. Tipu Sultan, son of Haider Ali and emperor of Mysore
established numbers of libraries in his territory and Zaimul-Umoor
was the greatest University of Seringapatnam in his reign.
Muslim Rulers had patronized the libraries in their educational
institution as well as their own palace libraries. A lone exception was
college of Bidar having collection of 3000 books on different subjects
and Aurangzeb captured this library and transferred the collections to
Delhi to merge it with his palace library.
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4.2.3. Academic Libraries of Modem period
This period again can be grouped into two parts, on the basis of
Government of India, pre-independent India and independent India.
One part is under the British Indian Government period, i.e.1757 to
194 7 (up to 14th August) and rest group is Independent Indian
Government period, i.e. 194 7(from 15th August) and onwards.
4.2.3.1. Academic libraries of West Bengal during the
Britisll ~11le
In India, numbers of academic institutions were established
along with their own libraries by the East India Company and the
Christian Missionaries and some of the non-missionaries.
Some of the events worth mentioning here, which led to the
growth and developing of higher educational institutions in India.
During the res1gn of British Indian Government's period the
establishment of the Calcutta College in 1781, the Banaras Sanskrit
College in 1792, the Fort William College in 1800 (Kar, 2005). All
these colleges were having their own libraries. After the establishment
of three Universities in India, modern education systems have been
started. This education system was like the systems of United
Kingdom.
Various Committees and Commission was set up for the
development of Academic Institutions and their library during this
period for the development of education system in India.
The Charter Act of 1813, foundation of Fort William College and
Srerampore College, and these colleges have their libraries. Hunter
Commission, Raleigh Commission and Calcutta University
Commissions have advocates to have their libraries and advice for
library training programs. The establishment of Inter University
Board, Sergeant Report has suggested for the appointment of
University Grants Commission (Sudhier, 1999).
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As a result of the Wood's Dispatch the establishment of Madras
University, Calcutta University and Bombay University in India, m
1857. And any Academic Institution would not be allowed to
establishment without library.
The Charter Act 1813 passed in the British parliament and gave
the East India Company complete responsibility for educating Indians.
The establishment of C. M. S. College in Kottayam, Hindu (Presidency)
College in Calcutta in the 1816 and Ravan Shaw College in Cuttack
(1816), Srerampore College was founded by Danes.
By 1839 there were over forty colleges with attached libraries in
British territory in India. In 1840 Presidency College founded in
Madras and Bombay Medical College in 1845.
The Charles Wood Dispatch 1845' popular known 'Magna
Charta' of English education in India also paved the way for
establishment of Universities in Presidency towns in India and with
the result of this Charter, on 24th Jan. 1857 three Universities were
established in three towns, i.e. Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
In 1859 Sir W.W. Hunter submit a report and clearly stated that
the condition of the libraries was in a very poor state and should paid
special attention to the colleges and university libraries for
development and other facilities should included in the library
services. The direct result of the Commission was Punjab University,
Lahore University, and Allahabad University in 1882 and 1887
respectively.
The 'Raleigh Commission of 1902' investigates the conditions
and prospects of Indian universities and to recommend measures to
improve the working condition and standard of teaching and also paid
special attention to academic libraries. The Calcutta University
Commission popularly known as 'Sadler Commission 1917' was setup
to study the situation and status of education in India and made the
recordation's that the college libraries be strengthened and training
should be given to the students and occasionally to the teachers about
the use of the library.
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One of the immediate results of the Calcutta University
Commission was the establishment of a new Teaching-cum
Residential Universities at Patna in 1917, Osmania in Hyderabad in
1918, Dacca (now in Bangladesh), Aligarh and Lucknow in 1921,
Delhi in 1922 and Nagpur in 1923. All these Universities were
established along with the establishment of Libraries as an integral
part of the university system.
This was the period when the libraries scenano has gained
momentum, a person appeared who at the later stage tune the entire
scene and become the 'father of library science' in India, was Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan. The University of Madras has appointed Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan as its Librarian in 1924 and he was trained in library
education at the University of London, Library School before joining
the post of librarian.
The contribution of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan towards the growth
and development of libraries were undoubtedly tremendous and
unforgettable. He has fought for the Public Library movement and the
Madras Government realizes the necessity of the requirement of Public
library for the development of human resources development. Because
Public libraries has been considered as the pupils' university and
request Dr. S. R. Ranganathan to frame the Rules and Regulation for
Public Library. Though the Higher education and Academic Libraries
made some progress during the first quarter of the 20th century, yet
their growth and development not very well organized.
Academic institutions and their growth after 1916 created a few
problems and general opinion was that, the quality of education was
being sacrificed for quantity. It is also true that, as compared with the
first two decades, the progress of the university libraries after 1924
did make better. But the case of college libraries, it was still neglected
and struggling to get their recognition.
In fact, the academic libraries during British period rule had no
significant contribution in the academic fields. Some academic
institutions were educating pupil, so that they could help British
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Indian Government to run their administrative work, during this
period to serve the purpose of British Government in India (Jayapalan,
2005).
4.2.3.2. Chronologically established of the Colleges up to
1946 in West Bengal
The colleges established in West Bengal before independence
has mentioned in the table 4.1 year-wise established (Kar, 2005).
Table 4.1.
Colleges (Govt. and Sponsored) in West Bengal before independence
arrange chronologically.
Sl. No Name of the College Year of Estd District Status
1. Hindu College fl!,f22J. 1817 Kolkata Govt.
2. Srerampore College . 1818 Hooghly Sponsored
3. Sanskrit College. 1824 Kolkata Govt.
4. Scottish Church College. 1830 Kolkata Sponsored
5. Krishnanagar Govt. College. 1846 Nadia Govt.
6. Vidyasagar College. 1859 Kolkata Sponsored
7. St. Xavier College. 1860 Kolkata Sponsored
8. St. Paul's Cathedral College 1865 Kolkata Sponsored
9. Midnapur College 1873 Midnapur Sponsored
10. City College. 1879 Kolkata Govt.
11. Bethune College. 1879 Kolkata Govt.
12. Raja Peary Mohan College. 1881 Hooghly Sponsored
13. Burdwan Raj college. 1881 Burdwan Sponsored
14. Bangabasi College. 1887 Kolkata Sponsored
15. Krishna Chandra College. 1897 Birbhum Sponsored
16. Bank Christian College. 1903 Bankura Sponsored
17. David Hare Training College. 1908 Kolkata Govt.
18. Loreto College. 1912 Kolkata Sponsored
19. Ashutosh College. 1916 Kolkata Sponsored
20. Shyama Prasad College. 1916 Kolkata Sponsored
21. Pravat Kumar College. 1926 Midnapur Sponsored
22. Moulana Azad College. 1926 Kolkata Sponsored
23. St. Joseph College. 1927 Darjeeling Sponsored
24. P.G.B.T. College (21. 1932 24Pgs (3) Govt.
25. South Calcutta Girls' College. 1932 Kolkata Sponsored
73
Contd. of table 4.1
26. Victoria Institute. 1932 Kolkata Sponsored
27. Salesion College. 1933 Darjeeling Sponsored
28. Hooghly Women's College. 1933 Hooghly Govt.
29. Women's College. 1937 Kolkata Sponsored
30. Lady Brabourn College. 1939 Kolkata Govt.
31. Muralidhar Girls College. 1940 Kolkata Sponsored
32. Maharaja Manindra Chandra College. 1941 Kolkata Sponsored
33. R. K. Mission Vidyamandir. 1941 Howrah Sponsored
34. A.C. College. 1942 Jalpaiguri Sponsored
35. Suri Vidyasagar College. 1942 Birbhum Sponsored
36. Surendranath Evening College. 1942 Kolkata Sponsored
37. Kalna College. 1943 Burdwan Sponsored
38. B. B. College. 1944 Burdwan Sponsored
39. Maldah College. 1944 Maldah Sponsored
40. Bamananda College. 1945 Bankura Sponsored
41. S.A. Jaipuria college. 1945 Kolkata Sponsored
42. Berhampur College. 1946 Murshidabad Sponsored
43. Prafulla Chandra College. 1946 Kolkata Sponsored
Note: 1. Hmdu College was established m 20th January, 1817 and the name of the
College has been changed as Presidency College in the year 1855. Subsequently this
has been promoted in the University in the year 7th July, 2009.
2. Now Post Graduate Institute of Physical Education.
3. Undivided 24 Parganas.
Table-4.1 reveals that the colleges established before
independence and it has shown in order of establishment (year wise)
College in West Bengal.
4.2.3.3. Academic library of West Bengal after Independence
The actual progress for the development of university and
college libraries in India can be said to have been set in motion with
the University Education Commission and this was the first
Commission setup by the Government of India headed by Dr. S.R.
Radhakrishnan in the year 1948-49 and its recommendation (Sangam,
2004}. Such as:
I. Annual grant;
II. Open Access System;
III. Working Hours of the library;
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IV. Organization of the library;
V. Staff of the library;
VI. Steps to student's books conscious;
VII. The needs to give grant to teachers to buy books; and
VIII. Importance of library in university education;
Commission Recommended that at least 6% of the total budget
of the each institution should set aside for the library and only then
the condition of these libraries improved. (Radhakrishnan
Commission Report Ch IV, Govt. of India.). It was for the first time
that such detailed attention was paid the library matters by a
Commission on university education in India (Tikeker, 2009).
The Education Commission ( 1964) under the Chairmanship of
Dr. D. S. Kothari marked another important stage in the history of
university libraries in India. Commission in its report has emphasized
the importance of libraries in higher education and no university,
college or department should be setup without considering the needs
of library, in terms of staff, books, journals, space etc {Pradeepam,
1999). The National Knowledge Commission (Ghatak, 2007) was setup
by the Govt. of India on 13th June 2005 and suggested that library
should introduce ICT for enhance the library services.
4.2.3.4. College libraries in West Bengal
The present study has been made on application of computer in
college libraries of 24 Pgs (N} district of West Bengal. On the
requirement field of study history of academic library in West Bengal
have been studied in a nutshell.
Now total number of colleges m West Bengal is 791(Higher
Education Department, Govt. of W, B.) and grouped into two
categories. They are, Government Colleges and others one is Non
Government Sponsored colleges. After 2004 and onwards there are
another group of college emerged in West Bengal, is Self-Financed
Private Colleges and this type of colleges already existed in North 24
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Parganas. These categories again divided into their types of courses
offered by the colleges in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2.
Total Colleges in West Bengal.
Sl. No. Type of the Government Colleges No. of Colleges Remarks
1. General Degree College 17
2. Teachers' Training Colleges 7
3. Colleges of Physical Education 4
4. Art College 1
5. Law College 1
6. Engineering and Technology College 6
7. Calcutta Madrasa College 1
Total Govt. colleges in West Bengal 37
Sl. No. of
No. Type of the Sponsored & Private Colleges
Colleges
1. General Degree Colleges 363
2. Colleges of Education & Physical Education 57
3. Professional (non AICTE) 83
4. Law College 4
5. Engineering and Technology Colleges 54
6. Business Management/ Business Administration
9 College
7. Home Science College & Hotel Management 18
8. Music College 2
9. Art College 3
10. Special Institution 3
Total Sponsored & Others Colleges in west Bengal 754
Total of Govt. & Others Colleges in west Bengal 791
Table 4.2.reveals that the vanous types of Government,
Sponsored and Private Colleges in West Bengal.
4.2.3.5. Total number of University in West Bengal
There are 22 Universities in West Bengal (Ganashakti, 2010).
The number of University and with their year of establishment
mentioned in the table4.3.
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Table 4.3
Total University in West Bengal.
Sl. Year of Status of the
No. Name of the University
Estd. university
1. University of Calcutta 111 1857 State University
2. University of Jadavpur 111 1955 State University
3. Viswa Bharati University111 1951 Central University
4. University of Burdwan111 1960 State University
5. University of Kalyanilll 1960 State University
6. Rabindra Bharati University111 1962 State University
7. University of North Bengal 111 1962 State University
8. Vidyasagar University18J 1981 State University
9. Netaji Subhas Open University!Il 1997 Open University
10. West Bengal University of TechnologyllJ 2000 State University
11. Bengal Engineering and Science University11Il 2004 State University
12. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Ill 1974 State University
13. University of Animal and Fishery SciencellJ 1995 State University
14. W. B. National University of Judicial Sciencelll 2000 State University
15. Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya11l 2001 State University
16. W. B. University of Health Sciencel11 2002 State University
R. K. Mission Vivekananda Education and Deemed 17. 2005
Research Institutei2J University.
18. W. B. State University111 2007 State University
19. Gourbanga Viswavidyalaya121 2007 State University
20. Alia Universityi2J 2007 State University
21. Presidency Viswavidyalaya12J, 131 2010 State University
22. Sidho-Kanu-Birsa Viswavidyalaya12J 2010 State University
Note:
1. Annual report of the Department of Higher Education, 2006-2007; Department of
Higher Education, Government of West Bengal; 2007. P-116-188.
2. Published in the Ganashakti; Daily News Paper, Dated: 19.11.2010, P- 3.
3. In the year 1855 Hindu College renamed as Presidency College and again this college
introduced engineering course as one of the department in the year 1856. From the
year 1856 to 1879 this department continued (as engineering college) in the campus
of Presidency College and after 1879 this engineering department has been shifted to
Shibpur and named as Shibpur Bengal Engineering College. In the year 1992 this
engineering college was given status of 'Deemed University' and the status of
University was conferred in the year 2004.
77
It reveals from the above table 4.3 that, there are 22 universities
in West Bengal and mentioned their status and year of establishment.
I. Along with the twenty two (22) Universities, there is an
Open University for distance learning and of Indira Gandhi National
Open University's (Estd. 1985) Regional Centre in Kolkata, West
Bengal and some others Institution of national importance. Their
name and year of establish are mentioned below:
II. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur;
III. National Institute of Technology, Durgapur;
IV. Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata;
V. Indian Institute of Management, Kolkata;
VI. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata;
VII. Asiatic Society, Kolkata;
VIII. Bose Institute, Kolkata;
IX. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata; and
X. Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Science,
Kolkata (H. E. Department Annual Report, 2007).
4.3. Total Number of Colleges of 24 Pgs (N) District
North 24 Parganas district is a dense populated and having well
organized educational institution from the ancient times. The famous
Bhatpara is well known as one of the Sanskrit education centre in
India. The modern education starts with the established of the
Calcutta University in West Bengal. Established the colleges were
started afterward. The total colleges in this district have shown in
table 4.4 and mentioned name of the University under which these
colleges are affiliated. There are fifty nine colleges (including one
proposed government college) in this district. The existing number of
colleges is 58 and fifty seven colleges are affiliated to the West Bengal
State University, Barasat and one college is affiliated to the University
of Kalyani, Kalyani.
78
Table 4.4.
Total Colleges of 24 Pgs (N).
Sl. Year of University
No. Name of the College
Estd. affiliated
1. Post Graduate Institute of Physical Education 111 .141.161 1932 W.B.S.U.
2. Bashirhat College 121 1947 W.B.S.U.
3. Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya 121 1947 W.B.S.U.
4. Gobordanga Hindu College. 121 1947 W.B.S.U.
5. Rishi Bankim Chandra College I 21 1947 W.B.S.U.
6. Government College of Education111 1948 W.B.S.U.
7. Barasat Government Collegelll 1950 W.B.S.U.
8. DumDum Motijhil College 121 1950 W.B.S.U.
9. Taki Government College 111 1950 W.B.S.U.
10. Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College 121 1953 W.B.S.U.
11. Brahmananda Keshab Chandra College 121 1956 W.B.S.U.
12. Sarojini Naidu College for Womenl21 1956 W.B.S.U.
13. Sree Chaitanya College, Habra. 121 1956 W.B.S.U.
14. Hiralal Mazumder College for women12J 1959 W.B.S.U.
15. Acherjya Prafulla Chandra College 121 1960 W.B.S.U.
16. R. K. Saroda Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhavan 121 1961 W.B.S.U.
17. Naba Barrackpore Mahavidyalaya 121 1962 W.B.S.U.
18. P. N. Das College 121 1962 W.B.S.U
19. R. K. Mission Brahmananda College of Educationi3J 1962 W.B.S.U.
20. Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary Collegei2J 1963 W.B.S.U.
21. Mrinalini Dutta Mahavidyalaya 121 1964 W.B.S.U.
22. Prasanta Chandra Mahalnabish Mahavidyalaya12J 1965 W.B.S.U.
23. Sree Chaitanya Mahavidyalaya 121 1965 W.B.S.U.
24. Gopal Chandra Memorial College of Education13J 1967 W.B.S.U.
25. Bhairab Ganguly College 121 1968 W.B.S.U.
26. DumDum Motijhil Rabindra Mahavidyalaya 121 1968 W.B.S.U.
27. Gandhi Centenary B.T. College 131 1968 W.B.S.U.
28. Mahadevananda Mahavidyalaya 121 1968 W.B.S.U.
29. Morning Star College 12),161 1968 W.B.S.U.
30. Nandalal Ghosh B. T. College 131 1968 W.B.S.U.
31. Satyapriya Roy College of Education 131 1968 W.B.S.U.
32. Barasat College (Formerly Barasat Evening College) 121 1972 W.B.S.U.
33. Kanchrapara College 121 1972 K.U.
79
Contd. of table 4.4
34. Panihati Mahavidyalaya (2) 1976 W.B.S.U.
35. Bidhannagar Government College 111 1984 W.B.S.U.
36. Rishi Bankim Chandra Evening Coliege [2) 1984 W.B.S.U.
37. Rishi Bankim Chandra College for Women (2) 1984 W.B.S.U.
38. Ali Yavar National Institute For Hearing Handicapped 131 1985 W.B.S.U.
39. Kalinagar Mahavidyalaya 121 1985 W.B.S.U.
40. Nahata Jogendranath Mondal Smriti Mahavidyalaya 121 1985 W.B.S.U.
41. National Institute For Mentally Handicapped 131 1985 W.B.S.U.
42. Vivekananda College 121 1986 W.B.S.U.
43. East Calcutta Girls' College [2) 1992 W.B.S.U.
44. Derozio Memorial College 121 1996 W.B.S.U.
45. Chandraketugarh Sahidulla Smriti Mahavidyalaya 121 1997 W.B.S.U.
46. Banipur Mahila Mahavidyalaya [2) 1999 W.B.S.U.
47. Netaji Satabarshiki Mahavidyalaya 121 2000 W.B.S.U.
48. Saheed Narul Islam Mahavidyalaya [2) 2001 W.B.S.U.
49. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Satabarshiki Mahavidyalaya. [2) 2005 W.B.S.U.
50. Hingalganj Mahavidyalaya [2) 2005 W.B.S.U.
51. Kinston College of Law 151 2004 W.B.S.U.
52. Kinston College of Science (51 2004 W.B.S.U.
53. Kolkata Teachers Training College 131 • 151 2006 W.B.S.U.
54. Saroda Ma Girls' College 151 2006 W.B.S.U.
55. Swami Vivekananda College of Education 151 2006 W.B.S.U.
56. Amdanga Jugal Kishore Mahavidyalaya [2) 2007 W.B.S.U.
57. Humayun Kabir Mahavidyalaya 121 2007 W.B.S.U.
58. Institute of Science and Advance Research f5J 2007 W.B.S.U.
59. Hari Chand Guru Chand College f1J,f7J -- W.B.S.U.
Note: 1. Government Degree College;
2. Non-Government Degree College;
3. B. Ed. Colleges;
4. Physical Education College;
5. Self Financed Private College;
6. Residential College; and
7. The Chief Minister of West Bengal has announced in of Feb.2011, a Govt. college
will established at Chandpara locality.
Table 4.4 reveals that total no. of colleges in North 24 Parganas
and its different categories, affiliated university and year of
establishment.
80
4.3.1. Decade-wise growth of the Colleges in 24Pgs (N)
The recommendations of the Sadler Commission ( 191 7 -1918)
were more effective in the acad~mic system in West Bengal. Since the
then many facilities were opened, new subjects were introduced and
colleges were established. Decadal growths of the colleges in North 24
Parganas are shown in the table 4.5 and it appears that maximum
numbers of colleges was established in between 1961 to 1970, i.e.
sixteen colleges. Before independence only one college was established
in this district, is Physical Education College. Eight college was
established in the year between 1941 to 1950 and 6, 3, 8, 5, and 11
colleges was established between 1951 to1960,1971 to 1980,1981 to
1990, 1991 to 2000 and 2001 to 2010 respectively. One govt. college
will be established at Chandpara was announced by the Ex-Chief
Minister of West Bengal in February20 11.
Table 4.5
Decade-wise growth of 24- Pgs.(N)colleges.
Year No. of Colleges established
Upto1940 1
1941 to 1950 8
1951 to 1960 6
1961 to 1970 16
1971 to 1980 3
1981 to 1990 8
1991 to 2000 5
2001 to 2010 11
20 11 onwards 1 (I)
Note: 1. Proposed govt. college at Thakurnagar.
Total Colleges
1
9
15
31
34
42
47
58
59
Table 4.5 reveals that the decadal growth of the colleges in
North 24 Parganas and the highest growth has shown the 1961-1970
is 16 and lowest is before Independence, up to 1940 was only one
college (Govt. Physical Education College).
81
c Decade-wise growth of college of 24 Pgs (N)
N o
0 I 20
15 e 10
0 g 5 f e
0
Uptp 1940 1941-50 1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90
Year
Figure 4 .1 Decade-wise growth of colleges in 24 Pgs (N).
4.3.2. Role of College libraries in College Education
The library is the centre of the intellectual and literary life of the
institution. As the intellectual and literary life of the educational
institution have all the resources available in the market for its
readers and its importance has been recognized by the various
Education Commissions in India (Mondao & Sinha, 20 11). Today in
our society a large number of academic institutions have established
in India and it has the large faculty members, students and scholars
are attached with these institutions. With the increasing learners and
learning centres academic libraries should accept their pivotal role in
the learned society as valid information centres.
With the information resources at the flood stage, there should
be versatile, resourceful advisory services in these academic libraries
to meet the increasing demands for its learner community.
Encouraging individuals to enter realm of the learning society is the
prime task.
The role of the library in academic institution is to support the
education system and academic library is being considered the heart
of the teaching process. So that library's role is immense in this part
and renders positive services for the following purposes:
I. Upheld the institutional image as the good seat of learning;
II. Helps to develop teaching at every steps through imparting
education and encouraging research ;
82
III. Collecting information, organize them and disseminate as and
when required by the user community;
IV. Maintain academic statistics m terms of information
resources available in the library;
V. Cooperation and resource sharing related fields to the
through development of the information and communication
technology ; and
VI. Introducing single point access to all information resources
for its parent institution and other organizations etc.
4.3.3. The development of Academic Libraries
The increasing use of ICT has resulted in both increases in
circulation of print materials and Net surfing for required
information and knowledge. Previously academic libraries do
nothing more than store of documents, then rendering services
to its user community. Now increasing reliance on electronic
resources accessible anywhere may indeed creates the needs of
computerization of academic library database and fully
automated library services. New model of academic library may,
therefore, be warranted not to be as the warehouse (Gayton,
2007).
College and university libraries have a significant contribution
In higher education. The education commission like Dr. S. R.
Radhakrishnan ( 1948) and Dr. Kothari ( 1964) have recognized the
academic library's significant roles in higher education and suggests
strongly their all out development.
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan and Dr. C. D. Deshmuk have provides
the firm base for academic libraries in the report published in 1965.
These recommendations have pointed out the full development of the
libraries.
Various developmental scheme accepted by the University Grant
Commission (India) during the last fifty years for academic libraries.
The major schemes for the development of academic libraries are:
83
I. Granting fund for collection of libraries materials;
II. Launching and implementing various activities and programs
for the enhancement of the professional skill of the library
personnel through INFLIBNET;
III. To sanction special grant for upgrading library facilities; and
IV. Upgrade the academic libraries in the country in their
standard and services.
I. Role of the Professional Association
The professional associations like Bengal Library Association
(BLA), Indian Library Association (ILA), Indian Association of Special
libraries and Information Centre (IASLIC), West Bengal College
Librarian Association (WBCLA) should share the responsibilities to
develop the academic libraries, by organizing seminar, workshop and
training programmes. Their support in this regards will do a lot. The
Principals' Association should actively take part in the programmers of
automation in college library services. All-out efforts from all comers
will helps to introduce computer base library services.
II. Role of the Students Organization
Students are the larger section of academic library users. They
may demand for modern and developed library collections and
services and to meet their demands authority may sanction extra fund
for the development and this development needs computerized library
systems. These demands may raised by their district or state
organization, so that this demand to convert their college libraries
manual to computerized systems of library operations and services.
III. Role of the Government
State Govt. and Central Govt. have the responsibility in the
development of academic libraries and take necessary steps in this
regard. Educational institutions are the human development
84
organization of the country. A good and educated citizen is the asset
of the society. The Central Government has established U.G.C. (India}
to look after the growth and development of the academic libraries.
Central Government provides financial assistance through U. G. C.
(India) and they have sanction for books and journals and have
special fund for library computerization (Guha, 2002}.
IV. Role of Librarian
A University, a College libraries and for that purpose, any
institution of higher learning is describes as a community where
teachers, scholars, students are the body and the library its
heart. If the college education (body) is desired to performing
properly and efficiently, the library (heart of the institution) must
be sufficient collections, well infrastructure and rendered up-to
date information to its members and then the college education
system meet the institutional objectives and goal.
Today, library is not only a mere store-house of the documents
but also functions as a information centre. The collections, organized
and dissemination of Information is not from the available documents
in the library, but also from the Website with the help of ICT.
In the 20th century, this idea about librarian has changed. The
function of the library and the duties of the librarian has influenced
by the invention of computer. Computer and information and
communication technology have penetrated in the library services.
Librarians now have the opportunity to use these modern
technological tools to provide quick and sophisticate library services to
its users(Khongtim, 2010).
Information acquired via Internet from the Web and can store
the information to serve the users. There are numerous opportunities
for librarian in Internet and Web environment in providing
information services easily, quickly to appropriate users. Electronic
document will be vied by the multiple users' simultaneously. It
85
eliminates the waiting for documents in the library and rare and
fragile documents can be scanned and store for electronic viewing.
The availability of electronic documents on Internet and facility
extended by World Wide Web (WWW) to access these documents has
increases tremendously. So that, librarian will be the effective guide
and trained the information seekers in their usage. Thus the librarian
has to play the role of facilitators in identification of information,
gathered and arrange information infrastructure (Malaswamy, 1998).
Traditional knowledge of a librarian, to evaluating and
arranging the information for the use in creation, development and
content filing of a Website for the organization and library will helpful.
This will provide access to external resources, where webpage created
for specific discipline are available. Librarian's role is while creating a
webpage's to deliver information about the library and its services,
such as hours of services, location of services, details about staff,
library policy and interface to the· library Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) (Sangam and Hadimani, 2004).
Librarian must be aware of development of the current
technologies, which have already entered in the library. Librarian
should collects information about latest computer based circulation
systems available in the software and hardware and others parts
related to library functioning.
The effectiveness of the academic library depends on the user's
satisfaction. Librarian's knowledge about the behavioral science is
important to know the user needs and act accordingly and prepare to
extend services beyond his library. Various roles of a librarian will
have to develop new skills and competencies, so that they could
match themselves with the requirement of the library development in
the modern era.
The planning and policy making are supplementary and
complementary to each other. Policies are guides, helping
the academic library automation and used on a wide organizational
basis and are usually broad and comprehensive. The policies related
86
to operational levels of work, having significant to the installation and
using library automation (Kar, 2007).
The proper manpower planning, arrangement of library rooms
and sufficient lighting arrangement is essential to fulfil the library
objectives. Librarian(s), who is the leader of the library, should give
ample scope and official status so that all needs could be fulfilled and
necessary steps towards the smooth running library can easily been
done.
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