Chapter 4- Rocks: Mineral Textures By Samantha Pereira.

Chapter 4- Rocks: Mineral Chapter 4- Rocks: Mineral TexturesTextures

By Samantha PereiraBy Samantha Pereira

Chapter SummaryChapter Summary

This chapter will tell This chapter will tell you about the rock you about the rock cycle, and the different cycle, and the different types of rock and how types of rock and how they are formed.they are formed.

Lesson 1: The Lesson 1: The Rock Rock CycleCycle

Lesson 1 VocabularyLesson 1 Vocabulary Rock cycle- the series of processes in which a rock

forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes

Rock- a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter

Erosion- the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another

Deposition- the process in which material is laid down

Composition- the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials or other materials in the rock

Texture- the quality of a rock that is based on sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock’s grains

Summary of LessonSummary of Lesson Rock has been an important natural Rock has been an important natural

resource as long as humans have resource as long as humans have existed. Early humans used rock to existed. Early humans used rock to make tools. Ancient and modern make tools. Ancient and modern civilizations have used rock as a civilizations have used rock as a construction material.construction material.

Weathering, erosion, deposition, Weathering, erosion, deposition, and uplift are all processes that and uplift are all processes that shape the surface of the Earth.shape the surface of the Earth.

The rock cycle is the continual The rock cycle is the continual process by which new rock forms process by which new rock forms from old rock material.from old rock material.

The sequence of events in the rock The sequence of events in the rock cycle depends on processes, such cycle depends on processes, such as weathering, erosion, deposition, as weathering, erosion, deposition, pressure, and heat, that change the pressure, and heat, that change the rock material.rock material.

Composition and texture are two Composition and texture are two characteristics that scientists use to characteristics that scientists use to classify rocks. classify rocks.

The composition is determined by The composition is determined by the size, shape, and positions of the the size, shape, and positions of the grains that make up a rock.grains that make up a rock.

Lesson 2: Igneous RockLesson 2: Igneous Rock

Lesson 2 VocabularyLesson 2 Vocabulary

Intrusive igneous rock- rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earth’s surface

Extrusive igneous rock- rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the Earth’s surface

Summary of LessonSummary of Lesson Igneous rock forms Igneous rock forms

when magma cools and when magma cools and hardens.hardens.

The texture of igneous The texture of igneous rock is determined by rock is determined by the rate at which the the rate at which the rock cools.rock cools.

Igneous rock that Igneous rock that solidifies within Earth’s solidifies within Earth’s surface is intrusive.surface is intrusive.

Shapes of common Shapes of common igneous intrusive igneous intrusive bodies include bodies include batholiths, stocks, sills, batholiths, stocks, sills, and dikes.and dikes.

Lesson 3: Sedimentary RockLesson 3: Sedimentary Rock

Lesson 3 Vocabulary Lesson 3 Vocabulary

Strata- layers of rockStratification- the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers

Lesson SummaryLesson Summary Sedimentary rock forms at or Sedimentary rock forms at or

near the Earth’s surface.near the Earth’s surface. Clastic sedimentary rock Clastic sedimentary rock

forms when rock or mineral forms when rock or mineral fragments are cemented fragments are cemented together.together.

Chemical sedimentary rock Chemical sedimentary rock forms from solutions of forms from solutions of dissolved minerals and dissolved minerals and water.water.

Organic limestone forms Organic limestone forms from the remains of plants from the remains of plants and animals.and animals.

Sedimentary structures Sedimentary structures include ripple marks, mud include ripple marks, mud cracks, and raindrop cracks, and raindrop impressions.impressions.

Lesson 4: Metamorphic RockLesson 4: Metamorphic Rock

Lesson 4 VocabularyLesson 4 Vocabulary

Foliated- the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands

Nonfoliated- the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands

Lesson SummaryLesson Summary Metamorphic rocks are rocks in Metamorphic rocks are rocks in

which the structure, texture, or which the structure, texture, or composition has changed.composition has changed.

Two ways rocks can undergo Two ways rocks can undergo metamorphism are by contact metamorphism are by contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism and regional metamorphism.metamorphism.

As rocks undergo As rocks undergo metamorphism, the original metamorphism, the original minerals in rock change into minerals in rock change into new minerals that are more new minerals that are more stable in new pressure and stable in new pressure and temperature conditions.temperature conditions.

Foliated metamorphic rock has Foliated metamorphic rock has mineral crystals aligned in mineral crystals aligned in planes or bands, whereas planes or bands, whereas nonfoliated rocks have nonfoliated rocks have unaligned mineral crystals.unaligned mineral crystals.

Metamorphic rock structures Metamorphic rock structures are caused by deformation.are caused by deformation.

SourcesSources

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