1 Visions of America, A History of the United States CHAPTER Revolutionary America Change and Transformation,1764–1783 4 1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Chapter 4: Revolutionary America, 1764-1783
May 19, 2015
Chapter 4: Revolutionary America, 1764-1783
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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
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Revolutionary AmericaChange and Transformation,1764–1783
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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States
2 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Revolutionary America
I. Tightening the Reins of Empire
II. Patriots versus Loyalists
III. America at War
IV. The Radicalism of the American Revolution
CHANGE AND TRANSFORMATION, 1764–1783
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Tightening the Reins of Empire
A. Taxation without Representation
B. The Stamp Act Crisis
C. An Assault on Liberty
D. The Intolerable Acts and the First Continental Congress
E. Lexington, Concord, and Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation
4 Visions of America, A History of the United States
Taxation without Representation
Why is the scale in the cartoon, The Great Financier, out of balance?
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Envisioning Evidence
Which parts of the British empire were most heavily taxed?
A COMPARISON OF ANNUAL PER CAPITA TAX RATES IN BRITAIN AND THE COLONIES IN 1765
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The Stamp Act Crisis
How did colonists react to the Stamp Act?
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The Stamp Act Crisis
Stamp Act – Legislation that required colonists to purchase special stamps and place them on all legal documents
– Newspapers and playing cards had to be printed on special stamped paper.
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An Assault on Liberty
How did nonimportation transform women’s political role in the colonies?
How does Revere stage the events of the Boston Massacre to evoke sympathy for the colonists’ cause?
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An Assault on Liberty
Nonimportation Movement – A boycott against the purchase of any imported British goods
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The Intolerable Acts and the First Continental Congress
Why did British policy seem to strike at the essence of colonists’ liberty?
What is the symbolic significance of Lord Chief Justice Mansfield’s actions in this political cartoon?
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The Intolerable Acts and the First Continental Congress
Intolerable Acts – Legislation passed by Parliament to punish Bostonians for the Boston Tea Party
– Closed the Port of Boston– Annulled the Massachusetts colonial charter– Dissolved or severely restricted that colony’s
political institutions– Allowed British officials charged with capital
crimes to be tried outside the colonies
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Lexington, Concord, and Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation
What was the impact of Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation on southern colonists?
Why did British regulars choose Concord as their military objective?
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Lexington, Concord, and Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation
Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation – Official announcement issued by Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia that offered freedom to any slave who joined the British forces in putting down the American rebellion
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Patriots versus Loyalists
A. The Battle of Bunker Hill
B. Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence
C. The Plight of the Loyalists
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The Battle of Bunker Hill
What does The Political Cartoon for the Year 1775 reveal about the nature of relations between the colonies and Britain?
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Images as History
How did Trumbull craft his painting so it would appeal to both an American and British audience?
TRUMBULL’S THE DEATH OF GENERAL WARREN AT THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
The British officer preventing a soldier from bayoneting the dying Warren highlights virtue and honor.
General Warren’s pose evokes the image of Jesus being cradled in the arms of Mary.
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Images as History
What does Trumbull’s portrayal of African Americans tell us about his views and those of his likely audiences?
TRUMBULL’S THE DEATH OF GENERAL WARREN AT THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
Rather than portray an African American as heroic, Warren marginalizes this figure, placing him in the shadow of a white officer at the end of the canvas.
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Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence
What arguments did Paine’s Common Sense present?
What audiences did the Declaration of Independence address?
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Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence
Common Sense – Thomas Paine’s influential pamphlet that forcefully argued for American independence, attacked the institution of monarchy, and defended a democratic theory of representative government
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Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence – A public defense of America’s decision to declare independence from Britain that was to be printed and sent to the individual states
– On July 4, 1776, Congress approved the final text of the Declaration of Independence.
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The Plight of the Loyalists
How did the metaphor of dismemberment influence Loyalist thought?
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The Plight of the Loyalists
Patriots – Colonists who supported American independence
Loyalists – Colonists who remained loyal to the king and Britain
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Choices and Consequences
• Joseph Galloway, an aristocrat of Philadelphia, became a Loyalist when the war broke out.
• After Galloway fled for New York, the government of Pennsylvania confiscated all his property.
• Galloway’s wife, Grace Growden Galloway, had been wealthy before their marriage and was determined to keep her family’s property.
A LOYALIST WIFE’S DILEMMA
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Choices and Consequences
Choices Regarding a Loyalist’s Wife’s Property
A LOYALIST WIFE’S DILEMMA
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Follow her husband into exile,
abandoning her property
Follow her husband into exile but fight an uphill legal battle from
afar to protect her property
Stay in Philadelphia and
fight a difficult legal battle to protect
her property
Choices and Consequences
Decision and Consequences• Grace Growden Galloway chose to stay at her home
in Philadelphia.• Galloway was eventually evicted from her home.• Her former friends, all Patriots, shunned her and she
died alone in 1781.• Galloway was successful in passing her property on
to her descendants.
What does Martin v. Commonwealth reveal about women’s roles in Revolutionary America?
A LOYALIST WIFE’S DILEMMA
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Choices and Consequences
Continuing Controversies
•What does Grace Growden Galloway’s plight reveal about the situation of Loyalists during the American Revolution?
A LOYALIST WIFE’S DILEMMA
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America at War
A. The War in the North
B. The Southern Campaigns and Final Victory at Yorktown
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The War in the North
Why did Washington have Paine’s The American Crisis read to the troops before he crossed the Delaware to attack British and German mercenaries?
How does Peale’s painting of Washington differ from Trumbull’s The Death of General Warren?
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The Southern Campaigns and Final Victory at Yorktown
What role did the French navy play in the American victory at Yorktown?
What was the Treaty of Paris?
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The Southern Campaigns and Final Victory at Yorktown
Treaty of Paris (1783) – Treaty between the newly created United States of America and Britain that officially ended the war between the two and formally recognized American independence
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The Radicalism of the American Revolution
A. Popular Politics in the Revolutionary Era
B. Constitutional Experiments: Testing the Limits of Democracy
C. African Americans Struggle for Freedom
D. The American Revolution in Indian Country
E. Liberty’s Daughters: Women and the Revolutionary Movement
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Popular Politics in the Revolutionary Era
Who were the Regulators?
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Constitutional Experiments: Testing the Limits of Democracy
What made Pennsylvania’s Constitution so radical for its day?
Why did the traditional Whig view of representation oppose democracy?
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African Americans Struggle for Freedom
What was the impact of the American Revolution on the institution of slavery?
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The American Revolution in Indian Country
Why did so many Native Americans side with the British during the American Revolution?
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Liberty’s Daughters: Women and the Revolutionary Movement
Was Hannah Corbin’s argument for women’s suffrage consistent with Whig theory?
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Competing Visions
Was Abigail Adams’s demand for women’s rights consistent with the Revolution’s ideals?
REMEMBER THE LADIES
“Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember all men would be tyrants if they could. . . . [We ladies] will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.”
—Abigail Adams
“Your letter was the first intimation that another Tribe more numerous and powerful than all the rest were grown discontented.— This is rather too coarse a Compliment but you are so saucy, I wont blot it out. Depend upon it, We know better than to repeal our masculine systems.”
—John Adams
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