22/3/30 [email protected]1 Chapter 4 – Pressure and Sound Measurement Pressure: A force F perpendicular to an area A, the pressure Unit of Pressure:Pa(N/m 2 ) Used in Engineering: atm,at,mmH 2 O,mmHg,mbar 1 atm=1.013×10 5 Pa ( 标标标标标 ) =760mmHg =1.033×10 4 mmH 2 O =1.013×10 3 mbar P— 压压; F— 压压压压压 ; S— 压压压压
Chapter 4 – Pressure and Sound Measurement. Pressure: A force F perpendicular to an area A, the pressure. P— 压力; F— 垂直作用力 ; S— 受力面积. Unit of Pressure:Pa(N/m 2 ) Used in Engineering: atm,at,mmH 2 O,mmHg,mbar. 1 atm=1.013×10 5 Pa ( 标准大气压 ) =760mmHg =1.033×10 4 mmH 2 O - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Atmospheric pressure: the atmosphere surrounding the earth exerts a force on the unit earth surface, that is the pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere. It varies with weather condition, the height above sea level , latitude.
There are two types of fluid systems; static systems and dynamic systems.A static system is one in which the fluid is at rest and a dynamic system is on in which the fluid is moving.
Static PressureThe absolute pressure at a depth H in a liquid is defined as: Pabs = P + (ρ x g x H) Where: Pabs is the absolute pressure at depth H. P is the external pressure at the top of the liquid. For most open systems this will be atmospheric pressure. ρ is the density of the fluid. g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/sec2)).H is the depth at which the pressure is desired.
In a dynamic system, pressure typically is defined using three different terms. The first pressure we can measure is static pressure. This pressure is the same as the static pressure that is measured in a static system. Static pressure is independent of the fluid movement or flow. As with a static system the static pressure acts equally in all directions.
The second type of pressure is what is referred to as the dynamic pressure. This pressure term is associated with the velocity or the flow of the fluid.
The third pressure is total pressure and is simply the static pressure plus the dynamic pressure.
The basic manometer consists of a U-tube containing a liquid.A pressure difference between the gases above the liquid in the two limbs produces a difference h in vertical heights of the liquid in the two limbs.
If one of the limbs is open to the atmosphere then the pressure difference is the gauge pressure.
Water, alcohol and mercury are commonly used manometric liquids. U-tube manometers are simple and cheap and can be used for pressure differences in the range 20 Pa to 140KPa. The accuracy is typically about 1%.
Manometer CorrectionsManometers can be very accurate and are frequently used as a calibration reference. It can therefore be important that you correct for changes in the parameters which lead to pressure--namely the fluid density and acceleration due to gravity.
According to Merriam (who makes the mercury manometer in the lab), the correction for these effects is
where the o subscripts denote standard values (sea level at 0ºC) and the t’s refer to the actual values. The standard values are
The density of mercury varies with temperature like
The local acceleration due to gravity varies with latitude, altitude, and most interestingly, with the surrounding altitude. Sea level acceleration, gx, varies with latitude x (in degrees) like
Above sea level,
where H is elevation in feet and H’ is the average elevation of the general terrain within a radius of 100 miles
An industrial form of the U-tube manometer is cistern manometer. It has one of the limbs with a much greater cross-sectional area than the other.A difference in pressure between the two limbs causes a difference in liquid level with liquid flowing from one limb to the other.
The inclined tube manometer is a U-tube manometer with one limb having a larger cross-section than the other and the narrower limb being inclined at some angle to the horizontal. It is generally used for the measurement of small pressure differences and gives greater accuracy than the conventional U-tube manometer.
With diaphragm pressure gauges, a difference in pressure between two sides of a diaphragm results in it blowing out to one side or the other. If the fluid for which the pressure is required is admitted to one side of the diaphragm and the other side is open to the atmosphere, the diaphragm gauge gives the gauge pressure. If fluids at different pressures are admitted to the two sides of the diaphragm, the gauge gives the pressure difference.
The bourdon tube may be in the form of a “C”, a flat spiral, a helical spiral. In all forms, an increase in the pressure in the tube causes the tube to straighten out to an extent which depends on the pressure. This displacement may be monitored in a variety of ways, for example, to directly move a pointer across a scale, to move a slider of a potentiometer, to move the core of an LVDT.
2 Reluctance diaphragm gauge( 磁阻式弹性压力计)The displacement of the
central part of the diaphragm increases the reluctance of the coil on one side of the diaphragm and decreases it on the other.
With the two coils connected in opposite arms of an a.c. bridge, the out of balance voltage is related to the pressure difference causing the diaphragm displacement
Capacitance pressure transducers were originally developed for use in low vacuum research. This capacitance change results from the movement of a diaphragm element. The diaphragm is usually metal or metal-coated quartz and is exposed to the process pressure on one side and to the reference pressure on the other. Depending on the type of pressure, the capacitive transducer can be either an absolute, gauge, or differential pressure transducer.
The capacitor can also form part of the tuning circuit of a frequency modulated oscillator and so give an electrical output related to the pressure difference across the diaphragm.
Calibration of the pressure gauges in the region of 20Pa to 2000kPa is generally by means of the Dead-weight tester. Pressure is produced by winding in a piston. The pressure is determined by adding weights to the platform so that it remains at a constant height.
At static equilibrium the piston will float and the chamber pressure can be deduced as:
A number of elemental errors contribute, including air buoyancy effects,variations in local gravity, uncertainty in the known mass of the piston and added masses,shear effects,thermal expansions of the piston area,and elastic deformation of the piston.