CHAPTER 4 Note Taking Study Guide - Jenks · PDF fileNote Taking Study Guide LIFE DURING THE WAR ... and differences between the northern and southern home fronts during the war. ...

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Note Taking Study GuideRESOURCES, STRATEGIES, AND EARLY BATTLES

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 1

Name Class Date

Focus Question: How did each side’s resources and strategies affect theearly battles of the war?

A. As you read, use the table below to note the advantages of the North and the Southat the beginning of the war.

Union

Wartime Advantages

Confederacy

• Strong military tradition

•

•

•

•

• Closer to battlefields

•

• Population

•

•

•

•

•

• Established government

•

© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

87

Note Taking Study GuideRESOURCES, STRATEGIES, AND EARLY BATTLES

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 1

Focus Question: How did each side’s resources and strategies affect theearly battles of the war?

B. Use the timeline below to note how the fighting developed during the early yearsof the Civil War.

1861

1862

1863

April

Battl

e of

Shilo

h

Augu

stSe

cond

Bat

tle o

fBu

ll Ru

nJu

lyBu

ll Ru

n/M

anas

sas

Name Class Date


88

READING CHECK

What was the Anaconda Plan?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word therebymean in the underlinedsentence? Circle any words orphrases in the paragraph thathelp you figure out what therebymeans.

READING SKILL

Categorize Which side hadphysical advantages? Which sidehad psychological advantages?

At the beginning of the Civil War, the Union had many advan-tages. It had a larger population and was better prepared forwar. Most of the nation’s mines were in the Union. The Unionalso had a large railroad network and an effective navy. TheSouth had no navy at all. The South was vulnerable to a navalblockade in which Union ships prevented merchant vesselsfrom entering or leaving the South's few good ports, therebycrippling southern trade. The Confederacy had a psychologicaladvantage. It was fighting for survival. The South had a strongmilitary tradition and fine leaders. One of them was Robert E.Lee, who became commander of the Confederate army. TheConfederacy also had a number of strategic advantages.

According to the Anaconda Plan, Union forces wouldblockade southern ports and take control of the MississippiRiver. This would split the Confederacy in two. The Unionfaced the problem of keeping Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware,and Maryland in the Union. These border states allowed slav-ery but had not seceded. The Confederacy wanted to preserveits small armies, yet destroy the Union’s will to fight.

In July 1861, Union and Confederate troops fought at BullRun, Virginia. Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson refused toyield and won the battle. He earned the nickname StonewallJackson. Lincoln replaced the Union general with GeneralGeorge B. McClellan. Meanwhile, General Ulysses S. Grant ledthe Mississippi Valley wing of the Anaconda Plan. Union shipsunder David Farragut seized the port of New Orleans,Louisiana. Both Farragut and Grant aimed for the Confederatestronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Major fighting in the East focused on Virginia. In March1862, a notable naval battle took place between two ironcladwarships, the Virginia and the Monitor. It signaled the begin-ning of the end of wooden warships.

Review Questions1. What were the border states?

2. What was significant about the naval battle between the Virginia and the Monitor?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryRESOURCES, STRATEGIES, AND EARLY BATTLES

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 1


89

Note Taking Study GuideAFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE WAR

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 2

Focus Question: How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the effortsof African American soldiers affect the course of the war?

As you read, use the outline below to record details about African Americans duringthe war.

I. The Push Toward Emancipation

A. Enslaved African Americans Seek Refuge

1. Enslaved people come under Union control.

2.

B.

1.

2.

C. Battle of Antietam

1.

2.

II. Emancipation at Last

A.

1.

2.

B. Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation

1.

2.

3.

III. African Americans Join the Fight

A.

1.

2.

B. African American Soldiers Do Battle

1.

2.

C.

1.

2.

Name Class Date


90

READING CHECK

What was the Militia Act?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word ally mean inthe underlined sentence? Circleany words or phrases in theparagraph that help you figureout what ally means.

READING SKILL

Identify Supporting DetailsWhat were the actual effects ofthe Emancipation Proclamation?

During the war, Union officers had to decide what to do withenslaved African Americans who came under their control.One general considered them contraband. Contraband is cap-tured war supplies. Another declared that they were free.Lincoln reversed that order, fearing retaliation from the borderstates. Lincoln secretly began working on a plan to freeenslaved African Americans living in Confederate states.

Confederate General Lee invaded Maryland. The attack didnot go according to plan. On September 8, Lee issued the“Proclamation to the People of Maryland,” which invited themto ally themselves with the South. The proclamation failed andLee was forced to retreat.

On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the EmancipationProclamation. It stated that all slaves in states that had rebelledagainst the United States would be forever free. His decree did not apply to loyal border states. The Emancipation Proclamation did not actually free a single slave. However, itwas an important turning point in the war. For northerners, itredefined the war as being “about slavery.” For southerners, itstopped any chance for a negotiated end to the war.

At the start of the war, many African Americans in theNorth were eager to fight but had been turned down. Federallaw kept African Americans from joining the army. In the summer of 1862, Congress passed the Militia Act. It orderedthat black soldiers be accepted into the military. After theEmancipation Proclamation, the Union began to activelyrecruit black troops. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment was anall-black company. African American troops distinguishedthemselves on the battlefield. However, they still faced preju-dice. If captured, they would be killed. Enslaved AfricanAmericans in the South also played an important role in thewar. They often found ways to help Union forces.

Review Questions1. What was the Emancipation Proclamation supposed to do?

2. How did African Americans contribute to the war effort?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryAFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE WAR

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 2


91

Note Taking Study GuideLIFE DURING THE WAR

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 3

Focus Question: How did the Civil War bring temporary and lastingchanges to American society?

Note the similarities and differences between the northern and southern home frontsduring the war.

Nor

th•

Inco

me

tax

to p

ay fo

r the

war

• • • • • Co

pper

head

s

Sout

h•

“Blo

ckad

e ru

nner

s” to

deliv

er s

uppl

ies

• • • • In

flatio

n

•

• Co

nscr

iptio

n to

pro

vide

so

ldie

rs

• • • Su

spen

d ha

beas

cor

pus

Name Class Date


92

READING CHECK

What was the Homestead Act?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word factionmean in the underlinedsentence? Circle any words orphrases in the paragraph thathelp you figure out what factionmeans.

READING SKILL

Compare and Contrast How didthe North and the South raisemoney for the war effort?

The war had a huge impact on northern industry. As demandfor supplies spiked, industry became more mechanized. Tohelp pay for the war, the government introduced an incometax of 3 percent on all income over $800 a year. The Union alsoraised tariffs and issued paper money. The biggest source ofwartime funds came from the sale of bonds.

In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act. It made west-ern land available at very low cost to those who would farm it.In 1863, the Union instituted conscription, or the draft. Underthis system, any white man between the ages of 20 and 45could be called for military service. Many groups of northern-ers opposed the war effort. A faction calling themselves “PeaceDemocrats” called for an end to the war. Their opponentsdubbed them Copperheads, after a poisonous snake. Lincolnsuspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus. That rightprotects a person from being held in jail without being chargedwith a specific crime.

The South’s economy seemed in danger of collapse due tothe Union blockade of southern ports. Agriculture was oftencomplicated by nearby military operations. Rivers and raillines were often blocked, making it hard to get food to market.Like the Union, the Confederacy issued paper money, passedconscription laws, seized private property, and suspendedhabeas corpus.

Many families suffered divided loyalties. Members oftenfought on different sides. New technology resulted in killingon a scale never before seen in America. Camp life was danger-ous because of poor drinking water and lack of sanitation.Even worse were the prison camps. In both the North and theSouth, the most notable military role for women was nursing.In 1861, Clara Barton obtained permission to travel with armyambulances to help care for the wounded.

Review Questions1. What happened to northern industry during the Civil War?

2. What role did women play in the Civil War?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryLIFE DURING THE WAR

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 3


93

Note Taking Study GuideTURNING POINTS OF THE WAR

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 4

Focus Question: How did the Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburgchange the course of the Civil War?

As you read, use the timeline below to trace how the tide of the war turned towardUnion victory.

1863

1864

1865

Sum

mer

Getty

sbur

g; V

icks

burg

Dec

embe

rSa

vann

ah

Name Class Date


94

READING CHECK

Who replaced GeneralMcClellan?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word successormean in the underlinedsentence? Circle any words orphrases in the paragraph thathelp you figure out whatsuccessor means.

READING SKILL

Summarize What eventsmarked the major turning pointsin the Civil War? Explain.

In 1863, Grant cut Vicksburg, Mississippi, off from its source ofsupply. Then, he placed it under siege. Constant gunfire andlack of supplies weakened Vicksburg’s defenders. On July 4,1863, the Confederate commander surrendered. This victorycompleted the Anaconda Plan of cutting the South in half.

In the East, Lincoln replaced General McClellan. McClellan'ssuccessor, General Ambrose Burnside, headed south, hoping towin a decisive victory over the Army of Northern Virginia. InDecember 1862, Lee defeated the Union commander in Fredericksburg, Virginia. At Chancellorsville, Virginia, theConfederates overwhelmed the Union army. Lee lostStonewall Jackson in the battle.

Lee wanted to win international support, demoralize theUnion, and force an end to the war. He decided to invade theNorth. In June 1863, his army entered Pennsylvania. UnderGeneral George Meade, Union forces met the Confederates onJuly 1 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburgraged for three days. On July 3, Confederate forces charged upCemetery Ridge, only to be mowed down. The Battle of Gettysburg was over. On the field lay over 50,000 dead andwounded. About half of these were Confederate. The Southhad suffered a devastating defeat. In November 1863, Lincolncame to the battlefield to dedicate a cemetery for the fallen sol-diers. His Gettysburg Address described the United States as aunified nation.

In early 1864, Lincoln placed Grant in charge of the entireUnion military effort. Grant used a strategy of total war. Partof that strategy was illustrated by the campaign of WilliamTecumseh Sherman. He cut a path of destruction in his marchacross Georgia to the Atlantic. Sherman called the capture ofSavannah his Christmas present for Lincoln.

Review Questions1. How did Grant win the Battle of Vicksburg?

2. What was important about the Gettysburg Address?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryTURNING POINTS OF THE WAR

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 4


95

Note Taking Study GuideTHE WAR’S END AND IMPACT

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 5

Focus Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War?

A. As you read, use the flowchart below to note what happened during the final daysof the Civil War.

Grant lays siege to Petersburg.

Congress proposes Thirteenth Amendment.

Lincoln is assassinated.

Name Class Date

96© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Note Taking Study GuideTHE WAR’S END AND IMPACT

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 5

Name Class Date

Focus Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War?

B. Use the concept web below to identify the effects of the Civil War.

Regions increasinglyintertwined

Effects ofthe War

Economic boomin the North

Regions increasinglyintertwined


97

READING CHECK

What was the ThirteenthAmendment?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word feasiblemean in the underlinedsentence? Circle any words orphrases in the paragraph thathelp you figure out what feasiblemeans.

READING SKILL

Recognize Sequence Whateffect did the ThirteenthAmendment have on peacetalks?

By capturing Petersburg, Virginia, the Union would control allsupply lines into Richmond. As at Vicksburg, Grant used siegetactics. Lee’s forces struck effective blows against the Uniontroops. Both sides suffered tens of thousands of casualties. Leehad no replacement troops in reserve, and southerners beganto talk of peace.

In February, a party led by the Confederate Vice Presidentmet with Lincoln to discuss a feasible end to the war. How-ever, these discussions produced no results. Congress hadproposed the Thirteenth Amendment, which would outlawslavery. The South was unwilling to accept a future withoutslavery. On April 2, Lee ordered a retreat from Petersburg.Richmond was also evacuated. On April 9, 1865, Lee formallysurrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.On April 14, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Boothwhile attending a play at Ford’s Theater. His death had a deeppolitical impact. It united his northern supporters.

When the Civil War began, it was unclear who would win.However, the North made use of its greater technological capa-bility, larger population, and more abundant resources. TheSouth used up its resources. The North’s Anaconda Plan suc-ceeded, and Lincoln’s steady leadership helped keep thenation together.

More than 600,000 Americans were left dead after the war.For the first time, ordinary citizens could see the carnage of thebattlefield through the photographs of Mathew Brady. Thesouthern landscape was in shambles. Many people were lefthomeless and in shock. African Americans had suffered greatly,but freedom promised them new opportunities. In the North,the industrial boom that was caused by the war continued. In thedecades following the war, factories, banks, and cities becamemore industrialized. Debates over states’ rights did not end withthe Civil War. Still, the war helped cement federal authority.

Review Questions1. Why did the North win the Civil War?

2. How did the Civil War affect ordinary citizens in both theNorth and the South?

Section SummaryTHE WAR’S END AND IMPACT

CHAPTER

4 SECTION 5

Name Class Date

CHAPTER 4 Note Taking Study Guide - Jenks · PDF fileNote Taking Study Guide LIFE DURING THE WAR ... and differences between the northern and southern home fronts during the war. ...

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