PSK351-Personality Theories Chapter 4: Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality: Identity Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2014). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (5th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
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PS
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Chapter 4:
Neo-Analytic and Ego
Aspects of Personality:
Identity
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2014). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (5th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
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Carl Jung
The mind/psyche has three parts:
◦ Ego
◦ The personal unconscious
◦ The collective unconscious
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Carl Jung
Parts of the mind:
Ego
◦ The conscious part of personality
◦ Embodies the sense of self
◦ Similar to Freud’s concept of ego
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Carl Jung
Parts of the mind:
The personal unconscious
◦ Contains thoughts that are not currently part of
conscious awareness
◦ Not only threatening and unacceptable material, but
all non-conscious material
◦ Contains past and “future” material
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Carl Jung
Parts of the mind:
The collective unconscious
◦ A deeper level of the unconscious
◦ Shared with the rest of humanity
◦ Contains archetypes
universal emotional symbols
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Carl Jung
Archetypes:
◦ Animus/Anima
Male element in a woman/female element in a man
◦ Persona and Shadow
Socially acceptable front vs. dark and unacceptable
side of personality
◦ Mother
Embodiment of generativity and fertility
◦ Hero and Demon
Strong force for good vs. cruelty and evil
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Carl Jung
Complexes
◦ A “complex” is a group of emotionally charged
thoughts that are related to a particular theme
◦ Jung created a word association test to study
complexes
◦ The pattern of words produced reveals the complex
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Carl Jung
The four functions of the mind:
◦ Sensing
◦ Thinking
◦ Feeling
◦ Intuiting
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Carl Jung
Sensing (duyum)
◦ “Is something there?” What do we see or hear?
Thinking (düşünme)
◦ “What is it that is there?” What does it mean?
Feeling (hissetme)
◦ “What is it worth?” Is it something valuable?”
intuiting (sezgi)
◦ “Where did it come from and where is it going?”
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Carl Jung
The two major attitudes of the mind:
Extroversion
◦ Directs psychic energy toward things in the external
world
Introversion
◦ Directs psychic energy inward
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Carl Jung
8 types
◦ 4 functions x 2 attitudes
Typology
◦ Each person has a “best fit” to one type
◦ Determined by the person’s dominant function and dominant attitude
Forms the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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Alfred Adler
“Individual Psychology”
Emphasizes the importance of social conditions on personality
Three fundamental social issues:
◦ Occupational tasks
◦ Societal tasks
◦ Love tasks
Expansion of Freud’s approach to increase emphasis on society and social relations
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Alfred Adler
Striving for superiority
◦ The central core of personality
◦ Inferiority complex
◦ Superiority complex (compensating for sense of
inferiority)
Organ inferiority—everyone is born with some
physical weakness
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Alfred Adler
Aggression drive
◦ the drive to lash out against the inability to achieve
something
◦ A reaction to perceived helplessness
Masculine protest
◦ the individual’s attempt to be competent and
independent (both boys and girls)
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Alfred Adler
Superiority striving
◦ Striving to obtain power and superiority over one’s
own inferiority
Perfection striving
◦ Striving to meet fictional goals
◦ Fictional goals reflect an individual's view of
perfection
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Alfred Adler
Birth order and family dynamics
◦ First-born children
◦ Second-born children
◦ Last-born children
Current findings
◦ Frank Sulloway
First born: success and achievement
Later born: revolutionary and creative
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Alfred Adler
Personality Typology
Adler's type Social
Interest
Activity Greek
Humor
Ruling-Dominant Low High Yellow bile
Getting-Leaning Low Low Phlegm
Avoiding Very low Low Black bile
Socially Useful High High Blood
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Karen Horney
Feminist neo-analytic theory
Rejection of Freudian notion of penis envy
Envy of masculine freedoms and privileges
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Karen Horney
Basic anxiety—a child’s fear of being alone,
helpless, and insecure
Styles of coping with basic anxiety
◦ Passive (complying)
◦ Aggressive (fighting)
◦ Withdrawn (disengaging)
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Karen Horney
Different aspects of the self
◦ Real self
The inner core of personality
◦ Despised self
Feelings of inferiority and shortcomings
◦ Ideal self
One’s view of perfection
“Tyranny of the should”
Goal of psychoanalysis is acceptance of the Real
Self
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Karen Horney
When alienated from the Real Self, people develop
neurotic coping strategies
◦ Moving toward
Striving to make others happy and gain love
◦ Moving against
Striving for power and recognition
◦ Moving away
Withdrawal of emotional investment
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Other Neo-Analysts
Anna Freud
◦ Emphasized social influences on the ego
◦ Gave the ego more power
◦ Studied children and teens
Heinz Hartmann
◦ The “father of ego psychology”
◦ Gave the ego more autonomy
◦ Id and ego in compensatory relationship
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Other Neo-Analysts
Focus on the importance of relations with
others in defining ourselves
Margaret Mahler
◦ Theory of symbiosis (mother-child)
Symbiotic psychotic (no sense of self)
Normal symbiotic (healthy ego)
◦ Emphasized the importance of parenting skills
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Object Relations Theories
Melanie Klein
◦ The first significant child psychoanalyst
◦ Developed technique of play therapy
Heinz Kohut
◦ Fear of loss (of parent)
◦ Narcissistic personality disorder
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Erik Erikson
Neoanalytic stage theory
Continues throughout life
Unlike Freudian psychoanalytic theory, not
focused on libido and sexual gratification
Structured as a series of “ego crises” to be
resolved
◦ Outcome of successful resolution of each stage is an
“ego skill” mastered
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Erik Erikson
Erikson’s Stage Theory (early stages)
Ego Crisis Ego Skill
Gained
Age
Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Infancy
Autonomy vs. Shame Will Early Childhood
Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Early to mid-childhood
Industry vs. Inferiority Competence Mid- to late childhood
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Erik Erikson
Erikson’s Stage Theory (later stages)
Ego Crisis Ego
Skill
Gained
Age
Identity vs. Role Confusion Loyalty Teenage years
Intimacy vs. Isolation Love Early adulthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation Caring Middle adulthood
Ego Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom Late adulthood
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Timeline:
Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Developments in Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects
Societal and Scientific Context
People were thought to derive their identity mostly from their position in life (woman, lord, minister)
before 1800
Humans are seen primarily in religious or philosophical terms; children often not differentiated from adults
Scholars in Europe gathered around Freud begin considering expansion of his ideas beyond libido
1880s-1900
Increasing attention to evolution and reproduction
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Timeline:
Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Developments in Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects
Societal and Scientific Context
Neo-analysts begin break with Freud; Jung proposes collective unconscious
1910-1930
Increasing technology and industrialization; anthropological discoveries
Adler and Horney shift focus to the child's social world; object relations theories develop
1910s-1940s
Victorian era with patriarchal families gives way to women's suffragist movements; child psychiatry develops
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Timeline:
Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Developments in Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects
Societal and Scientific Context
Erikson and others shift identity study to consider the full life-span
1940s-1960s
People live longer lives; traditional sex roles and work roles break down
Modern theorists focus directly on identity, in terms, life tasks, self-monitoring, self-presentation, and attachments
1960s-1980s
Increasing individual freedom and pursuit of goals; less formal social structure and increased mobility and education
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Timeline:
Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Developments in Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects
Societal and Scientific Context
Goals and motivations attract new interest
1990s-2000s
Schools, corporations, sports teams look to increase performance
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Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Analogy
◦ Humans are conscious actors and strivers
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Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Advantages
◦ Importance of the goal-oriented nature of humans
◦ Acknowledges impact of society and culture
◦ Development continues throughout the life cycle
◦ Emphasizes the self as it struggles to cope with
emotions on the inside and the demands of the world
on the outside
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Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Limits
◦ Unconcerned with biology and fixed personality
structures
◦ A hodgepodge of different ideas from different
traditions
◦ Relies on abstract or vague concepts
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Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
View of free will
◦ Though personality is largely determined by
unconscious forces, individuals do have the ability to
overcome these
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Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Common assessment techniques
◦ Varies from free association to situational and
autobiographical study, with an emphasis on self-
concept
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Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach
Implications for therapy
◦ As with psychoanalytic therapy, insight into inner
motives is key
◦ But because the ego is central, there is less concern
with unconscious motivation
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