Chapter 4 Demand and Behavior in Markets
Dec 29, 2015
Chapter 4
Demand and Behavior in Markets
Impersonal Markets Impersonal markets
Prices: fixed and predetermined Identity & size of traders – doesn’t matter
Consumers represented by Utility function/ preference map income
•2
The Problem of Consumer Choice Maximize utility
Indifference curve tangent to budget line MRS = price ratio
On budget line
Quantity demanded of a good People seek to purchase at a given price
•3
Optimal consumption bundle
•4
B
B’F
Goo
d 2
(x 2
)
20
Good 1 (x 1)0 20
I1
I2
I3e
x1 + x2 = 20
Income Expansion Paths Income expansion path
Changes in quantity demanded Changes in income Constant prices
Connected optimal consumption bundles MRS = slope of budget line
•5
•6
D
D’
Good 1 (x 1)0 604020
Goo
d 2
(x
2)
60
40
20
C
C’
B
B’
Income expansion path
r
s
e
Inferior and Superior Goods Superior good
Income increase Demand increases Constant relative prices
Inferior good Income increase
Demand decreases Constant relative prices
•7
Superior and inferior goods
•8
Good 1 (x 1)0
Goo
d 2
(x
2)
(a)
Good 1 (x 1)0G
ood
2 (x
2)
(b)
Homothetic Preferences Homothetic preferences
Indifference curves Do not “rotate” as consumer’s income
increases Along any ray from the origin
MRS – constant Increase in income
Proportional increase in goods purchased All goods are superior No change in tastes
•9
•10
D
D’
Good 1 (x 1)0 604020
Good 2 (x
2)
60
40
20
C
C’
B
B’
Income expansion path
r
s
e
Price-Consumption Paths Price-consumption path / curve
Consumption changes One price changes All other prices – constant Consumer’s income – constant
•11
Price-Consumption Paths Changing relative prices
Optimal bundle Indifference curve tangent to budget line MRS = Price ratio
Good 1 – relatively less expensive Rotation of budget line – flatter
Good 1 – relatively more expensive Rotation of budget line – steeper
•12
•13
As the price of good 1 decreases while the price of good 2 remains constant, the budget line becomes flatter, rotating around its point of intersection with the
vertical axis (point B).
B*
40 Good 1 (x 1)0
Good 2 (x
2)
20
20 B
B’
10
B”
e1
-1
1/2 2
•14
As the price of good 1 decreases while the price of good 2 remains constant, the budget line becomes flatter, rotating around its point of intersection with the
vertical axis (point B).
B*
40 Good 1 (x 1)0
Good 2 (x
2)
20
20 B
B’
10
B”
e1
-1
1/2 2
15
Price-consumption path
•15
As the price of good 1 varies, the price-consumption path traces the locus of tangencies between budget lines and indifference curves.
B*
Good 1 (x 1)0
Good 2 (x
2)
B
B’B”
ef
g
ba c
Demand Curves Demand curve
Relationship between Quantity demanded Price As the price varies Other things constant
Image of the price-consumption path Generated: utility-maximizing behavior
•16
Demand curve for good1
•17
The demand curve for good 1 associates the optimal quantity of good 1 with its price, while holding income and other prices constant.
Good 1 (x 1)0
Price
ba c
p1=2
p1=1
p1=1/2
Demand and Utility Functions Nonconvex preferences
Optimal consumption bundle At the corner of the feasible set
Maximize utility Spend all income on only one good
Demand curve If price > p*, quantity = 0 If price = p*, quantity > 0 As price decreases, quantity increases
•18
Non convex preferences and demand
•19
Indifference map.
Nonconvex preferences imply optimal consumption bundles at the corners of the feasible set—either point h or point k.
Good 1 (x 1)0
Goo
d 2
(x
2)
(a)
Demand curve.
Nonconvex preferences imply jumps in the demand curve.
Good 1 (x 1)0
Price (b)
B
B’
e
f
k
p*
p1*
g*
B*
h
Decomposing the Effects of a Price Change Substitution Effect: change in
consumption caused by a change in relative prices
Income Effect: change in consumption as a result of a change in the budget set
•20
Substitution Effect Change in demand due to substitution
One good (decreasing price) For another good (constant price)
The substitution effect from the decline in price always increases demand
•21
Income Effect Income effect
Decrease in price is equivalent to an increase in real income
The income effect from the decline in price will cause demand to Increase if the good is normal Decrease if the good is inferior
•22
•23
The income effect of the price change is measured by the parallel shift of the budget line from DD’ to BB”. The substitution effect is measured by movement around the indifference curve from e to g.
Good 1 (x 1)0
Good 2 (x
2)
(a)
Downward-sloping demand curve
Good 1 (x 1)0
Price (b)
B’
B
B”
I1
e
D’
D
g I2
f
p”p’
Substitution effect Income effect fe
p”
p’
Inferior Goods: Income and substitution effects work on opposite directions
•24
The substitution effect of a decline in the price of good 1 causes an increase in demand for the good, the move from e to g. Because good 1 is an inferior good, this is partly offset by the income effect, a decrease in demand for the good from g to f .
Good 1 (x 1)0
Good 2 (x
2)
B’
B
B”
I1
e
D’
D
g
I2
f
Substitution
effect Income effect
How does the demand curve for good 1 look
like?
Giffen Goods and Upward-SlopingDemand Curves
Giffen good Upper sloping demand curve Inferior good A price decrease
Substitution effect Increase demand
Income effect Decrease demand
Dominant effect: income effect
•25
Giffen good
•26
The decline in the price of good 1 causes a decline in the demand for that good because the substitution effect (the move from e to g) is more than offset by the income effect (the move from g to f ).
Good 1 (x 1)0
Good 2 (x
2)
B’
B
B”
I1
e
D’
D
g
I2
f
Substitution
effect
Income effect
Identifying normal and Giffen goods
•27
Type of good
Substitution effect Income effect
Normal downward sloping D
Opposite to price change
The good is either superior or inferior but with an income effect that is less powerful than the substitution effect.
Giffen Upward sloping D
Opposite to price change
The good is inferior. The income effect is more powerful than the substitution effect.