Chapter 4

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Ecosystems & EnergyEcosystems & Energy

Your Responsibilities for Ch.4Your Responsibilities for Ch.4 Ecosystems & Energy Introduction p. 63-64

Photosynthesis & Respiration p.69 Life Without the Sun, p.69-70

How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web, p.74-75

Envirobriefs p74, 75

Reading Quiz is on: ___________.Reading Quiz is on: ___________.

hint..hint..

BioticBiotic

AbioticAbiotic

EcologyEcology

Species Species

PopulationPopulation

CommunityCommunity

EcosystemEcosystem

LandscapeLandscape

BiosphereBiosphere

BIOLOGY REVIEW…..

Energy of LifeEnergy of Life

Pages 67-69Pages 67-69

EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy = capacity or ability to do work. = capacity or ability to do work.

Forms:Forms: ChemicalChemical = stored in chemical bonds of = stored in chemical bonds of

molecules (food)molecules (food)

Radiant / SolarRadiant / Solar = transported from the sun = transported from the sun (electromagnetic waves)(electromagnetic waves)

HeatHeat = thermal energy that flows from an object with a = thermal energy that flows from an object with a higher temp to one with a lower temp higher temp to one with a lower temp (source to sink!)(source to sink!)

MechanicalMechanical = movement of matter = movement of matter

NuclearNuclear = inside atomic nuclei = inside atomic nuclei

ElectricalElectrical = flows as charged particles= flows as charged particles

EnergyEnergy

Usually expressed as units Usually expressed as units of work (kJ) or units of of work (kJ) or units of heat energy (kcal)heat energy (kcal) 1kcal = 4.184 kJ1kcal = 4.184 kJ

Can exist as Can exist as potentialpotential energy or energy or kinetickinetic energy energy Energy can change forms! Energy can change forms!

Study of energy & its Study of energy & its transformations = transformations = THERMODYNAMICSTHERMODYNAMICS!!

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics Some lingo…Some lingo…

““System” refers to the object being studied.System” refers to the object being studied. ““Surroundings” are… Surroundings” are…

You guessed it… the surroundings! You guessed it… the surroundings! Three types of systems:Three types of systems:

Closed System Closed System Open SystemOpen System IsolatedIsolated

……. Does that exist???. Does that exist???

NOTENOTE: systems are relative : systems are relative to what you’re studyingto what you’re studying… …

11stst Law of Thermodynamics Law of Thermodynamics Energy Energy cannotcannot be created or destroyed, but it be created or destroyed, but it

cancan be transformed. be transformed.

The energy of a system and its surroundings is The energy of a system and its surroundings is always constant… always constant… Energy can flow in/out of the system, but overall, Energy can flow in/out of the system, but overall,

the entire system’s energy remains the same.the entire system’s energy remains the same.

It can be transformed… how?It can be transformed… how? Ex: Ex: Chemical energyChemical energy (stored in food) (stored in food)

is transformed into is transformed into mechanical energymechanical energy (for us to move). (for us to move).

BIOLOGYBIOLOGY PHYSICSPHYSICS

Steady-State or Static

EQUILIBRIUM

Energy Transfers & Transformations!Are the following

TRANSFERS or TRANSFORMATIONS?

Putting your hand on a cold glass window

Eating a bacon cheeseburger

Batteries making my fan run

Predation

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Kicking a kickball

T

T

TT

TT

T

22ndnd Law of Thermodynamics Law of Thermodynamics When energy is transformed, some usable When energy is transformed, some usable

energy is lost to the environment as heat. energy is lost to the environment as heat.

This heat energy is less-usable, so…This heat energy is less-usable, so… The amount of biologically usable energy The amount of biologically usable energy

(available to do work) decreases over time.(available to do work) decreases over time.

NOTE: this does NOTE: this does notnot mean that the total amount of mean that the total amount of energy in the universe is decreasing… energy in the universe is decreasing…

It It doesdoes mean that the energy available to do mean that the energy available to do biological biological work work (growing, reproducing, moving) in the universe (growing, reproducing, moving) in the universe decreasesdecreases..

22ndnd Law of Thermo. continued… Law of Thermo. continued…

Less-usable energy is more diffuse/disorganized.Less-usable energy is more diffuse/disorganized. EntropyEntropy = measure of disorder or randomness. = measure of disorder or randomness.

Organized, usable energy = _____ entropyOrganized, usable energy = _____ entropy Disorganized, unusable energy = _____ entropy (heat)Disorganized, unusable energy = _____ entropy (heat)

Entropy is always increasing over time.Entropy is always increasing over time. Since entropy is increasing, no process requiring energy Since entropy is increasing, no process requiring energy

transformation is ever 100% efficient.transformation is ever 100% efficient. Much of it is dispersed as heat.Much of it is dispersed as heat. Ex: automobile engine is 20-30% efficientEx: automobile engine is 20-30% efficient

Organisms are highly organized and as they grow they Organisms are highly organized and as they grow they remain organized. remain organized. Why doesn’t this refute the 2Why doesn’t this refute the 2ndnd law? law?

A cup of hot coffee left on a A cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools, but a cup table eventually cools, but a cup of cool coffee in the same room of cool coffee in the same room

never gets hot by itself….never gets hot by itself….

The high-temperature energy of The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded the coffee is degraded

(transformed into a less useful (transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature) form at a lower temperature) once it is transferred to the once it is transferred to the

surrounding air. surrounding air.

How does cartoon exhibit entropy?How does cartoon exhibit entropy?

Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration… Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration…

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

6CO6CO22 + 12 H + 12 H22O + Radiant Energy O + Radiant Energy C C66HH1212OO66 + 6H + 6H22O + 6OO + 6O22

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6H + 6H22O + 6OO + 6O22 Energy + 6CO Energy + 6CO22 + 12 H + 12 H22O O

CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCELLULAR RESPIRATION

They are one big cycle!!!They are one big cycle!!!

YOU NEED TO MEMORIZE THESE – BALANCED!KNOWING THESE PROCESSES IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY.

A note aboutA note aboutCellular RespirationCellular Respiration

WITHWITH OXYGENOXYGEN ((aerobicaerobic environment) environment)…… CC66HH1212OO66 + 6H + 6H22O + 6OO + 6O22 Energy + 6CO Energy + 6CO22 + 12 H + 12 H22O O

But But WITHOUTWITHOUT OXYGENOXYGEN ((anaerobicanaerobic environment) environment)……What’s produced??What’s produced??

… …COCO22 & Energy & & Energy & OTHER WASTEOTHER WASTE!!!!

Lactic Acid!Lactic Acid! Muscle Cramps!Muscle Cramps!

Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration… Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration…

They are one big cycle!!!They are one big cycle!!!

??????QUESTIO

NS

QUESTIONS

BR

AIN

B

RA

IN

BR

EA

K!!

!B

RE

AK

!!!

The Flow of Energy The Flow of Energy Through EcosystemsThrough Ecosystems

Pages 70-73Pages 70-73

Who’s Smarter than Me???Who’s Smarter than Me??? You have received a chart of vocabulary terms.You have received a chart of vocabulary terms. You have 5 minutes to write a short definition of You have 5 minutes to write a short definition of

each term that you already know. each term that you already know. Leave all others blank!Leave all others blank!

Go!Go!Now, spend the next 5 minutes finding people who Now, spend the next 5 minutes finding people who

are are “smarter than you”“smarter than you”… … Find someone who knows one definition you don’t.Find someone who knows one definition you don’t. Finally, write down the person’s name at the bottom Finally, write down the person’s name at the bottom

of the box.of the box.

Here’s your little Here’s your little vocabulary lesson…vocabulary lesson…

Be ready… Be ready…

I’m going to fly through this!!!I’m going to fly through this!!!

Flow of Energy through EcosystemsFlow of Energy through Ecosystems ENERGY FLOWENERGY FLOW = movement of energy in a one- = movement of energy in a one-

way direction through an ecosystem.way direction through an ecosystem. REPRESENTED BY AN ARROW (get it? one-way?)REPRESENTED BY AN ARROW (get it? one-way?) STORAGES are represented by a BOX (coming soon…)STORAGES are represented by a BOX (coming soon…)

PRODUCERPRODUCER = manufacture complex organic = manufacture complex organic molecules from simple inorganic substances (COmolecules from simple inorganic substances (CO22

and Hand H22O), usually using radiant energy.O), usually using radiant energy. AUTOTROPHAUTOTROPH = same as a producer. = same as a producer.

AutoAuto = “self” = “self” TrophTroph = “nourishment” = “nourishment” Use either photosynthesis or chemosynthesisUse either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Flow of Energy through EcosystemsFlow of Energy through Ecosystems CONSUMERCONSUMER = use bodies of other = use bodies of other

organisms as a source of food energy and organisms as a source of food energy and bodybuilding materials. (ex: animals)bodybuilding materials. (ex: animals)

HETEROTROPHHETEROTROPH = same as a consumer. = same as a consumer. HeteroHetero = “different” = “different” TrophTroph = “nourishment” = “nourishment”

3 3 types:types: PRIMARY CONSUMER / HERBIVOREPRIMARY CONSUMER / HERBIVORE SECONDARY CONSUMERSECONDARY CONSUMER TERTIARY CONSUMERTERTIARY CONSUMER

CARNIVORE = 2CARNIVORE = 2°° and 3 and 3°° consumers consumers OMNIVORE = eats plants & animalsOMNIVORE = eats plants & animals

Flow of Energy through EcosystemsFlow of Energy through Ecosystems DETRITUSDETRITUS = organic matter that includes animal = organic matter that includes animal

carcasses, leaf litter, and feces.carcasses, leaf litter, and feces. DETRITUS FEEDER / DETRITIVOREDETRITUS FEEDER / DETRITIVORE

Ex: snails, crabs, clams, worms, termites, beetles, millipedesEx: snails, crabs, clams, worms, termites, beetles, millipedes

DECOMPOSER / SAPROTROPHDECOMPOSER / SAPROTROPH = microbial = microbial heterotrophs that break down dead organic material heterotrophs that break down dead organic material and use the decomposition products for energy. and use the decomposition products for energy.

Release simple inorganic molecules (CORelease simple inorganic molecules (CO22 + mineral salts) that + mineral salts) that producers reuse.producers reuse.

SaproSapro = “rotten” = “rotten” TrophTroph = “nourishment” = “nourishment” Ex: bacteria and fungiEx: bacteria and fungi

Difference between Detritivore and DecomposerDifference between Detritivore and Decomposer:: Detritivores actually EAT dead/decaying matter. Detritivores actually EAT dead/decaying matter.

Decomposers secrete enzymes that digest the organic matter, Decomposers secrete enzymes that digest the organic matter, and then absorb the remaining molecules for nutrition.and then absorb the remaining molecules for nutrition.

3 Ecological Categories3 Ecological Categories

ProducersProducers

ConsumersConsumers

DecomposersDecomposers

How are the How are the FLOWSFLOWS

represented?represented?

How are the How are the STORAGESSTORAGES represented?represented?

Flow of Energy through EcosystemsFlow of Energy through Ecosystems

FOOD CHAINFOOD CHAIN = energy from food passes = energy from food passes from one organism to the next in a sequence.from one organism to the next in a sequence.

TROPHIC LEVELTROPHIC LEVEL = each level in the chain. = each level in the chain.

Flow of Energy through EcosystemsFlow of Energy through Ecosystems Simple foodchains are Simple foodchains are

rare in nature! rare in nature! Why??Why?? FOOD WEBFOOD WEB = complex of = complex of

interconnected food interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.chains in an ecosystem.

Food webs are much Food webs are much more realistic than food more realistic than food chains.chains.

Note: Note: Energy flow is always Energy flow is always

linear.linear. Energy lost as heat is Energy lost as heat is

unavailable to other unavailable to other organisms.organisms.

Don’t Forget….Don’t Forget….You should be You should be READINGREADING through the through the CHAPTERCHAPTER!!!!!!

Ecological PyramidsEcological PyramidsPages 75-76Pages 75-76

Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids

A diagram that shows the relative amounts A diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy in different trophic levelsof energy in different trophic levels

3 types3 types EnergyEnergy BiomassBiomass NumbersNumbers

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid Total Energy at each trophic levelTotal Energy at each trophic level Energy is lost as: heat, life functions, waste, not Energy is lost as: heat, life functions, waste, not

all parts of each animal/plant are consumedall parts of each animal/plant are consumed Ecological EfficiencyEcological Efficiency: the percentage of : the percentage of

energy transferred from one trophic level to energy transferred from one trophic level to anotheranother

LAW of 10%LAW of 10% : when all the energy loss is added : when all the energy loss is added up, only 10% of the energy entering one trophic up, only 10% of the energy entering one trophic level forms new biomass level forms new biomass

Reason for 5 or less trophic levels in a webReason for 5 or less trophic levels in a web

Pyramid of Energy #1Pyramid of Energy #1Total energy at each trophic levelTotal energy at each trophic level

Energy lost as:Energy lost as:- HeatHeat- Life FunctionsLife Functions- WasteWaste- Not all parts Not all parts

consumedconsumed

FLOWS & STORAGES…FLOWS & STORAGES…

What’s stored? What’s stored?

Where’s the flow going?Where’s the flow going?

(energy, biomass)(energy, biomass)

(heat, life functions in next trophic level, waste, not all parts used)(heat, life functions in next trophic level, waste, not all parts used)

Pyramid of Energy #2Pyramid of Energy #2

Pyramid of Energy #3Pyramid of Energy #3

Calculate the Calculate the FLOWS between FLOWS between the storages.the storages.

Calculate the % Calculate the % Trophic Level Trophic Level Efficiency for each Efficiency for each trophic level.trophic level.

What conclusions What conclusions can you make?can you make?

4.6%

29.7%

13.6%

Who is more efficient?

Is this realistic?

Pyramid of Energy #4Pyramid of Energy #4

http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/courses/footprint/Footprint.htm

Calculate ALL missing values.Calculate ALL missing values. Is your final value (organic matter in stream Is your final value (organic matter in stream

water) positive or negative? water) positive or negative? What does this tell you about the ecosystem?What does this tell you about the ecosystem?

10,400

5720

1210

40

3380

120

ANSWERS!ANSWERS!

http://www.coloradocollege.edu/dept/ev/courses/footprint/Footprint.htm

Calculate ALL missing values.Calculate ALL missing values. Is your final value (org. matter in stream water) positive or negative? Is your final value (org. matter in stream water) positive or negative?

POSITIVEPOSITIVE What does this tell you about the ecosystem?What does this tell you about the ecosystem?

IT IS GROWING!IT IS GROWING!

10,400

5720

4680

1210

3470

40

3510

3380

120

10

Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid Shows the Shows the DRYDRY weight of organic matter in weight of organic matter in

each trophic level each trophic level Represents the Represents the chemical energychemical energy stored in the stored in the

organic matter of a trophic level.organic matter of a trophic level. UsuallyUsually follows the 10% law follows the 10% law

1000 Lbs

100 Lbs

1 Lb

10 Lbs

1/10 Lbs

Algae- producer

Copepods- Primary consumers

Minnows- Secondary consumers

Bass- Secondary consumers

Pike- Tertiary consumers

Biomass PyramidBiomass PyramidShows the Shows the DRYDRY weight of organic matter in each trophic level weight of organic matter in each trophic level

HOW WOULD YOU MEASURE THE BIOMASS OF HOW WOULD YOU MEASURE THE BIOMASS OF AN ENTIRE TROPHIC LEVEL?????AN ENTIRE TROPHIC LEVEL?????

Measure dry weight of quantitative samples Measure dry weight of quantitative samples & & extrapolateextrapolate to entire trophic level to entire trophic level

HOW DO YOU EXTRAPOLATE THE DATA? HOW DO YOU EXTRAPOLATE THE DATA? HOW DO YOU DETERMINE POPULATION SIZE?HOW DO YOU DETERMINE POPULATION SIZE?

Lincoln Index… Mark & Recapture! (more on this next year)Lincoln Index… Mark & Recapture! (more on this next year)

Pyramid of BiomassPyramid of Biomass

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

Total number of organisms at each levelTotal number of organisms at each level Decreases as you go up trophic levelsDecreases as you go up trophic levels

175 blades of grass

40 Grasshoppers

5 Woodpeckers

1 Hawk

1000 metric tons of grass supports: 1000 metric tons of grass supports:

27,000,000 27,000,000 grasshoppersgrasshoppers

90,000 Frogs90,000 Frogs

300 Trout300 Trout

1 person for 30 days1 person for 30 days

If… If… - You eliminate trout from the flow, 30 people could You eliminate trout from the flow, 30 people could

survive for 30 days by consuming 100 frogs a daysurvive for 30 days by consuming 100 frogs a day- You eliminate frogs from the flow, 900 people You eliminate frogs from the flow, 900 people

could survive for 30 days by eating 1,000 could survive for 30 days by eating 1,000 grasshoppers a day.grasshoppers a day.

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers

Are there exceptions?Are there exceptions?

Pyramid of Energy?Pyramid of Energy?

Pyramid of Biomass?Pyramid of Biomass?

Pyramid of Numbers?Pyramid of Numbers?

EN

ER

GY

NU

MB

ER

S

BIO

MA

SS Answers???

Productivity of ProducersProductivity of Producers

Pages 76-78Pages 76-78

Primary ProductivityPrimary Productivity Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

The The raterate at which energy is captured during photosynthesis. at which energy is captured during photosynthesis. But… plants must respire to use that energy for metabolic But… plants must respire to use that energy for metabolic

processes…processes… So, the plant’s respiration acts as a drain on its photosynthesis.So, the plant’s respiration acts as a drain on its photosynthesis.

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)Net Primary Productivity (NPP) The The raterate at which organic matter is actually incorporated into at which organic matter is actually incorporated into

plant tissues for growth.plant tissues for growth. NPP = GPP – RNPP = GPP – RPP

Net Primary Net Primary Gross PrimaryGross Primary Plant Plant

Productivity Productivity = = Productivity Productivity - Respiration - Respiration(plant growth per unit (plant growth per unit (total photosynthesis per(total photosynthesis per (per unit area(per unit area

area per unit time)area per unit time) unit area per unit time)unit area per unit time) per unit time)per unit time)

GPP & NPPGPP & NPP Only the energy represented by NPP is available Only the energy represented by NPP is available

for consumers, and remember: they only use a for consumers, and remember: they only use a portion of it!portion of it!

The Earth’s total NPP is the upper limit The Earth’s total NPP is the upper limit determining the planet’s carrying capacity for all determining the planet’s carrying capacity for all species.species.

GPP & NPP are expressed as:GPP & NPP are expressed as: Energy per unit area per unit time (kcal/mEnergy per unit area per unit time (kcal/m22/yr)/yr) Dry weight (g carbon/mDry weight (g carbon/m22/yr)/yr)

NPP for selected ecosystemsNPP for selected ecosystems Not all ecosystems have the same NPP. Some are Not all ecosystems have the same NPP. Some are

much more productive than others!much more productive than others!

Secondary ProductivitySecondary Productivity(GSP & NSP)(GSP & NSP)

Secondary productivity is defined as the rate of biomass accumulation (ie: growth) by heterotrophs.

a) Available Energy = ingested + not ingested

b) Ingested = digested

c) Digested = assimilated (GSP) + not assimilated (excretion or feces)

d) Assimilated Energy = Gross secondary productivity (GSP)

a) GSP = RC + NSP

b) NSP = GSP – RChttp://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-018JFall2003/62408ED0-B474-447D-ADF1-F1F9EB62BDCE/0/lec06hand2003.pdf

http://www.bio.tamu.edu/courses/biol357/pdf/LectureNotes004.pdf

GPP, NPP, GSP, NSPGPP, NPP, GSP, NSP

NPP = GPP – RNPP = GPP – RPP

GSP = NPP – Not Used – Fecal WasteGSP = NPP – Not Used – Fecal Waste

NSP = GSP – RNSP = GSP – RCC

How does this diagram represent…How does this diagram represent…

NPP?NPP? GSP?GSP? NSP?NSP?

http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Civil-and-Environmental-Engineering/1-018JFall2003/62408ED0-B474-447D-ADF1-F1F9EB62BDCE/0/lec06hand2003.pdf

NPP

GSP NSP

Energy Flow ReviewEnergy Flow Review

GPP

NPP

RP

RC

Ingested

Fecal Waste

Energy Not Used

Assimilated (GSP)

Growth/Reproduction (NSP)

Place the terms in the proper boxes to complete the flow of energy from producers to

consumers.

GPP

NPP

RP

RC

Ingested

Fecal Waste

Energy Not Used

Assimilated (GSP)

Growth/Reproduction (NSP)

ANSWERSANSWERSGPP

NPP

Assimilated(GSP)

Growth/Rep(NSP)

Ingested

RP

FecalWaste

RC

Energy Not Used

Place the terms in the proper boxes to complete the flow of energy from producers to

consumers.

This represents the law of ________________.This represents the law of ________________. Edit/Annotate the diagram to show:Edit/Annotate the diagram to show:

GPP, NPP, GSP, NSP, RGPP, NPP, GSP, NSP, RPP, and R, and RC C

Conservation of Energy

GPP NPP(Ingested)

RC

GSP

RP

NSP

(not used)

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16ecosys.htm

• Low Photosynthetic Efficiency! (This is common)• 20810 ÷ 1700000 = 1.2%• Why?? Many reasons!

• Only some wavelengths of light are usable

• Limiting Factors (availability of CO2, etc)

• Poor light absorption• Respiration (RP) needs

• Where is:• GPP? NPP? RP?• GSP? NSP? RC?

• What do the left-side values represent?

• Calculate the numbers…• Does this support the

First Law of Thermo?http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7241e/w7241e05.htm

Humans & Ecosystem ProductivityHumans & Ecosystem Productivity Tropical RainforestsTropical Rainforests

Why is Slash & Burn so bad??Why is Slash & Burn so bad?? Most nutrients are in the vegetation, not in the soil.Most nutrients are in the vegetation, not in the soil. The land will therefore lose nutrients quickly when cleared The land will therefore lose nutrients quickly when cleared

for growing crops.for growing crops. Then, it’s $$$$$$ to add lots of fertilizers!Then, it’s $$$$$$ to add lots of fertilizers!

Agricultural LandAgricultural Land Highly modified and managedHighly modified and managed Goal: increase the NPP and biomass by adding water and Goal: increase the NPP and biomass by adding water and

nutrients like nitrates and phosphates.nutrients like nitrates and phosphates. Does it work??Does it work??

Humans use, waste, or destroy ~27% of Earth’s total Humans use, waste, or destroy ~27% of Earth’s total potential NPP, and 40% of Earth’s land NPP.potential NPP, and 40% of Earth’s land NPP.

Calculating Ecosystem ProductivityCalculating Ecosystem Productivity

First, read the paragraphs and understand the First, read the paragraphs and understand the pyramid and food web at the bottom of the page.pyramid and food web at the bottom of the page.

Then, spend 10 minutes working on the Then, spend 10 minutes working on the calculations BY YOURSELF. The formulas are calculations BY YOURSELF. The formulas are included to help you. Plug and Chug!included to help you. Plug and Chug!

Then, you’ll get time to work with a neighbor to Then, you’ll get time to work with a neighbor to understand the calculations.understand the calculations.

Finish ALL of these calculations for homework.Finish ALL of these calculations for homework.

Old slides from this point on….Old slides from this point on….

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Light energy from the sun is transformed into Light energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy in carbohydrates.chemical energy in carbohydrates.

Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Green pigment Green pigment

that absorbs radiant energy.that absorbs radiant energy. Most of the Chlorophyll is green, so what does it do Most of the Chlorophyll is green, so what does it do

with the light?with the light? Reflects green back to you, absorbs all other colors.Reflects green back to you, absorbs all other colors.

6CO6CO22 + 12 H + 12 H22O + Radiant Energy O + Radiant Energy C C66HH1212OO66 + 6H + 6H22O + 6OO + 6O22

Why Photosynthesis???Why Photosynthesis???

Who photosynthesizes?Who photosynthesizes? PlantsPlants Some bacteriaSome bacteria AlgaeAlgae A A FEWFEW Animals Animals

Why do these organisms photosynthesize?Why do these organisms photosynthesize? To make chemical energy for themselvesTo make chemical energy for themselves

Recall from BioRecall from Bio: Carbohydrates (sugars) = quick energy!: Carbohydrates (sugars) = quick energy! To make chemical energy for other To make chemical energy for other

organisms who eat them as foodorganisms who eat them as food

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration Chemical energy in glucose & food is Chemical energy in glucose & food is

transformed into energy to be used for transformed into energy to be used for biological work biological work

(growing, reproduction, (growing, reproduction,

movement, etc)movement, etc)

ALL ORGANISMS RESPIRE!ALL ORGANISMS RESPIRE! But some organisms don’t use OBut some organisms don’t use O22

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6H + 6H22O + 6OO + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 12 H + 12 H22O + EnergyO + Energy

WebsitesWebsites Good site for labs:Good site for labs:

http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/Envsystem/c_env/http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/Envsystem/c_env/ensysyllabus.htm ensysyllabus.htm

Information about aquatic ecosystem productivityInformation about aquatic ecosystem productivity http://kingfish.coastal.edu/biology/sgilman/http://kingfish.coastal.edu/biology/sgilman/

778PrimProd.htm778PrimProd.htm Primary Productivity good review Primary Productivity good review

light/dark bottlelight/dark bottle good diagramsgood diagrams Reasoning for low photosynthetic efficiencyReasoning for low photosynthetic efficiency http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/

current/lectures/kling/energyflow/energyflow.htmlcurrent/lectures/kling/energyflow/energyflow.html