Chapter 4

Empowering Programs with Resources that Enhance Social

Work Education

©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing

Counsel on Social Work Education (CSWE) Defines Educational Policy and

Accreditation Standards (EPAS) Developed Ten “Core Competencies”

and 41 related “Practice Behaviors” Every Student should master the Practice

Behaviors and Core Competencies before completing their program


The Textbook – “Helping Hands” icon call attention to content

that relates to Practice Behaviors and Competencies.

“Competency Notes” at the end of each chapter help put the Practice Behaviors and Competencies in practical context.

©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/

Cole PublishingCole Publishing

The Practice Behaviors Workbook developed with the text provides assignable exercises that assist in mastering the Practice Behaviors and Competencies.

Additional Online Resources can be found a www.cengage.com/socialwork.


http://www.cengage.com/socialwork

Social Welfare Policy in the 19th Century:

1789–1902



The settlement of areas extending from Pennsylvania to Nebraska, from the Carolinas to Texas, and from the East Coast to the gold mines of California occurred with unprecedented speed

Continued immigration from Europe and large families in non-frontier communities provided a plentiful supply of individuals willing to settle in new territories

The American banking and currency system was in chaos; it was characterized by frequent and sharp recessions

American society was predominantly an agricultural nation prior to the Civil War

2.1.9 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing

The cities grew at the wake of the civil war and were plagued by many social problems

The cities became repositories for immigrants from Ireland and Germany

Prostitution, gambling, street begging, and drinking were rampant

Widespread unemployment accompanied the major recessions in 1819, 1833, 1837, and 1857

The extraordinary migration of Americans across the landscape, both on the Western frontiers and to Eastern cities from the countryside caused social problems

2.1.9 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/


Various factors led Americans to exaggerate moral ills in the early portion of the 19th century

In the 1990s, broad concern developed about crime in the United States even though many kinds of crime were actually declining

Not only did Americans add to their police forces, but some states such as California, went on a prison construction binge

Americans were reluctant to enact gun controls in many jurisdictions



Americans developed three kinds of social policies in the early and middle 19th century:

1. Temperance2. Anti-pauperism strategies3. Opportunity-enhancing policies


Many popular policies consisted of “moral treatment” for Americans who had fallen (or might fall) into sinful lifestyles like:

crime alcoholism, mental illness, neglect of religion

2.1.5


Some social policies were initiated to give Americans following opportunities: Political: voting rights Social: public education Economic: land distribution, and abolition of

imprisonment for indebtedness

2.1.9


American reformers devised three major strategies to address the problem of pauperism:

1. They sought to vastly increase the number of alms houses and to modify their internal operations to make them truly deterrent.

2. They tried to establish personal contact with millions of low-income youth to prevent pauperism.

3. They tried to establish systems of surveillance so that charity was not given indiscriminately to destitute persons.

2.1.9©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/


Policies were devised to control, regulate, and oppress people of color—notably, African Americans and Native Americans—and Spanish-speaking persons

By 1830, all white males were granted the vote in most jurisdictions

By 1860 the nation possessed a national network of primary and secondary schools which extended to girls as well, represented a major policy advance in the 19th century

2.1.5


19th century observed the oppression of following major populations:

Oppression of WomenOppression of Irish immigrants

2.1.5


Many Americans viewed the social problems of the new nation as a pestilence that threatened its moral and social order

Social problems were generally viewed as emanating from the moral defects of citizens and particularly immigrants in the burgeoning cities

Reformers tried to develop institutions that could purge these defects from stigmatized

The services available to citizens who needed assistance were harsh and controlling



1. Land policy2. Conquest and oppression of first

Americans and Spanish-speaking persons

3. Finding laborers4. Appraisal of frontier policy

2.1.9


In the early and middle 19th century, most of the unsettled land in the United States was in territories owned by the federal government

Federal authorities had to decide on an appropriate policy to distribute land to various groups of people

The basic strategy for distributing the land, which was developed by the 1780s, was to sell it in blocks at public auctions to the highest bidders, provided their bids exceeded a prescribed minimum price

Far from proving equitable, however, the auctions often enriched relatively affluent Americans, speculators, and railroad companies



In the 19th century, unmitigated racism promoted vicious suppression of First Americans and Spanish-speaking persons on the frontier

American anthropologists became convinced that white persons from England and Germany were biologically superior to other races in intelligence and industriousness

By the early 19th century, with the departure of the European powers and with huge increases in the numbers of white settlers, the balance of power at the frontier shifted toward the settlers

In the 1870s, many public officials began a movement to break up reservations


Americans on the Western frontier often needed to obtain labor to grow crops, to build public improvements such as railroads, and to work in mines

Many white settlers in Texas imported slaves from other sections of the South

The Spanish-speaking population provided the major source of labor for the cultivation of cotton, fruit, and vegetables in California

Asian immigrants provided another source of labor



Americans came to the frontier as individualists and as persons who believed in limited government

They fashioned local institutions that emphasized the protection of property rights rather than the development of programs and institutions

The American frontier perpetuated and intensified individualism and racism

The development of farms, plantations, and mines in newly developed territories, as well as the construction of roads and railroads to reach these areas, required large amounts of labor

The Latinos and Asians laborers were treated brutally



Millions of people were dislocated during and after the war, and freed slaves were cast into a society with few economic or social supports

The primary issue to be resolved during the war was the legal status of slaves

During post war situation, the freed slaves needed land that couldn’t be fulfilled

Reformers lost an opportunity to improve the lot of freed slaves after the Civil War


Many women entered the world of politics by participating in temperance, charity, and church movements

Numerous women became leaders in the abolitionist crusade

Many hoped that they would receive the vote when it was given to freed slaves with passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments

Male legislators, many women, and the Republican Party were not willing to accept this major policy change

2.1.5


The total population of urban areas grew from 5 million in 1860 to 25 million in 1900

Even before civil war, workers were subjected to brutal working conditions in the absence of regulations

Industrialization was accompanied by a turbulent economic environment, marked by frequent recessions and cutthroat competition

Industrialization spawned problems like bankruptcy and victimization of workers



Ending of slavery Passage of Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and

Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution Enactment of universal suffrage for men Development of a public school system across

the nation Widespread dispersion of land to many settlers Harsh policies for women and African

Americans

2.1.8


Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos that persist despite passage of civil rights legislation

Considerable reliance on not-for-profit and religious organizations for social services

Expansion of American borders to the Pacific Ocean and to the border with Mexico—as well as a unified nation in the wake of the Civil War

2.1.5


Development of a variety of institutions to address many social needs

Development of the Republican Party before, during, and after the Civil War, which joined the Democratic Party as one of the two major political parties

Development of an industrial nation


Chapter 4

Education

cengage learning

brooks cole publishing

social order social

rights social

african americans

native americans

kinds of social policies

social welfare policy