Chapter 38

Chapter 38

A World without Borders1

The End of the Cold War

President Ronald Reagan (in office 1981-1989) deeply opposes USSR Declares the Soviet Union the “evil empire”

Promotes massive military spending, beyond the capacity of the Soviet economy to keep up

With stagnating economy, Soviet Premier Mikhail S. Gorbachev (1931- ) is forced to implement reforms, which ultimately bring down the USSR

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Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe Polish trade union Solidarity movement opposes

Polish Communist Party rule, forces multiparty elections in 1989

Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania follow

“Velvet Revolution”: Czechoslovakia Other Bloodless Revolutions: Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia (“The

Singing Revolutions”), and East Germany

East Germany decides to open the Berlin Wall East and West Germany reunite (1990)

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The Collapse of the Soviet Union and European Communist Regimes, 1991

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Soviet Setbacks in Afghanistan

Pressures on Soviet system exacerbated by 1979 invasion of Afghanistan

Nine-year battle against Afghan mujahideen (Islamic warriors) CIA supplies them with ground-to-air Stinger missiles

USSR forced to start pulling out in 1986: economic stagnation and intractable military resistance

UN-negotiated cease-fire leads to full withdrawal in 1989

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Collapse of the Soviet Union

Reforms under Gorbachev Economic and social

Perestroika: “restructuring” – some market reforms Glasnost: “openness” – greater freedom of speech; no

persecution of religion Nationalist sentiments, long suppressed, come to the

surface Several non-Russian republics secede as of August 1991:

Ukraine, Baltic countries, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenian, Uzbekistan, etc.

Attempted hardliner takeover in Moscow fails; Soviet Union collapses by end of the year

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Economic Globalization Reduction and removal of barriers between national

borders to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services, and labor

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947), 23 member nations

World Trade Organization (WTO) takes over from GATT in 1995

Global corporations expand, treat globe as single market: i.e., constantly moving to cheapest labor Decentralize as necessary to take maximum advantage of

regional markets, labor pools, taxation policies

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Economic Growth in Asia Japan benefits from U.S. aid in rebuilding its economy after China

goes communist in 1949; treaty limitations on defense spending Massive postwar economic expansion, slowed in 1990s (known as

Japan’s “Lost Decade”—slumps continued in the 2000s) Four Asian Tigers: Economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South

Korea, and Taiwan – industrialized and became highly developed between the 1960s and 1990s

“Little Tigers” or “Tiger Cubs”: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand – newly industrialized

Interrelated economies fragile; 1997 Asian financial crisis devalues “Little Tiger” economies, but they recover fairly quickly

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BRIC Economies BRIC Economies: Brazil, Russia, India, and China

Pro-Capitalist Policies: After the Cold War, the governments overseeing these “developing” economies put into place pro-capitalist policies that encouraged rapid economic growth (or in the case of Russia, a “robber baron” economy). These policies include education reforms, encouraging domestic entrepreneurship, foreign investment, and developing domestic consumption.

Manufacturing/Raw Materials: India and China project as leading producers of manufactured goods, while Russia and Brazil leading producers of raw goods.

Rising China: By the late 1970s, Deng Xiaoping began to open China’s economy to foreign trade and investment, and begins to integrate elements of market economy. Cheap Labor: It’s economy benefits from huge and cheap labor pool, although

its growing middle class is now driving up wages and cost of living. Huge Economy, but Considerable Poverty: As of 2013, China is the second

largest economy in the world, but there is still considerable poverty, especially in rural areas.

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Trading Blocs

European Union Six nations when formed in 1957: Belgium, France, West

German, Italy, Luxembourg & Netherlands Maastricht Treaty of 1993: Moving toward political integration

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Established in 1960 with five countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi

Arabia and Venezuela. Dominated by Arab and Muslim countries Used economic might to place embargo on U.S. oil, 1973-1975

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

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European Union Membership, 2004

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Consumption and Cultural Interaction

“Americanization” or “McDonaldization” American culture exported

Yet cultural borrowings from non-American societies: from K-Pop to telenovelas

Internal transformations: Latino culture takes on a distinct American flavor in the U.S.

English language becomes globally predominant Influence of British colonialism, America, the Internet

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Population (in Millions) for Major Areas of the World, 1900-2050

Major Area 1900 1950 1975 2005 2050

Africa 133 224 416 906 1937

Asia 947 1396 2395 3905 5217

Europe 408 547 676 728 653

Latin America 74 167 322 561 783

North America 82 172 243 331 438

Oceania 6 13 21 33 48

World (total) 1650 2519 4074 6465 9076

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. Highlights. New York: United Nations, 2005.

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Climate Change Population

Club of Rome: This think tank of former heads of state and high-ranking diplomats and officials delivered a 1972 report, The Limits to Growth, which painted a gloomy portrait of future overpopulation and dwindling natural resources.

Human mortality rate declines steadily; several regions work on birth control measures (China’s One-Child Policy introduced in 1978;

Global warming Greenhouse gases shown to be increasing global temperature

within a large degree of scientific certainty. Kyoto Protocol in 1997: 83 signatory countries, but U.S. has

refused to sign.

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Economic Inequities

Regional poverty a persistent problem Unequal distribution of resources

Impact of colonialism Slavery abolished in Saudi Arabia and Angola in

1960s; forced and bonded labor remains in place in developing world International Labor Organization of the UN:

250 million children, ages 5-14, work, especially in southeast Asia

Global trafficking of slaves, mostly for prostitution

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Global Diseases

Disease has always played an important role in the development of human communities

In 1978, UN called for end to all infectious diseases by 2000; unrealistic goal

Ancient diseases tuberculosis and malaria on rise New diseases: Ebola fever and HIV/AIDS Threat throughout the world, but has struck the

developing world the hardest – sub-Saharan Africa

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Global Terrorism Terrorism: deliberate, systematic use of violence

against civilians Cheaper, more effective than conventional war,

thus accessible to smaller groups September 11, 2001: four planes hijacked by

terrorists Two crash into World Trade Center buildings (NYC), one into the

Pentagon, one crashed into field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania (passengers thwarted terrorists, intended target was probably the White House or Capitol)

Masterminded by Islamic extremist Osama bin Laden (1957-2011 ), leader of al-Qaeda (“the Base”)

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War in Afghanistan and Iraq

President George W. Bush (1946- ) invades Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda training bases

Overthrows Taliban government in Afghanistan, but does not eliminate Taliban

Invasion of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein, who was thought to have “weapons of mass-destruction” (WMDs).

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The United Nations

Superseded the League of Nations (1920-1946) Charter: to maintain international peace and

security Peace-keeping forces relatively weak militarily,

but influential in larger public health projects: World Health Org. (WHO) Eradication of smallpox Currently 16 peace-keeping missions: Darfur, Haiti, Democratic

Republic of Congo, Cyprus, Lebanon, etc.

Supporters of universal human rights

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The United Nations

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Global Feminism Economic and Legal Rights: Displaced from jobs by returning

soldiers after World War II, women in industrialized nations agitate for equal economic opportunities and legal rights.

Demand Control Over Bodies: Access to birth control and abortion, achieved in 1960s and 1970s; birth control pill is introduced in 1960 and become widely available in the developed world.

Family Planning: China introduces its “one-child” policy in 1977 and India experiments with sterilization in the 1970s.

Arab and Muslim lands: Continued gaps in male and female literacy.

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Global Feminism: Women’s Suffrage after World War II

1945: France, Italy, Japan,

Senegal 1947: Argentina, Singapore,

Pakistan (literate women only)

1949: People’s Republic of China, Chile, Syria

1950: India, Barbados, Haiti 1952: Ivory Coast, Greece,

Lebanon 1956: Egypt, Mali 1959: Tunisia 1960: Cyprus, Gambia

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1961: Paraguay, Rwanda 1962: Algeria, Uganda,

Australia extends right to aborigines

1963: Congo, Iran, Kenya 1964: Bahamas, Libya, Sudan 1971: Switzerland 1974: Jordan 1975: Angola, Mozambique 1978: Nigeria 2005: Kuwait, Qatar 2015: Saudi Arabia

Global Feminism Increasing number of female national leaders

Indira Gandhi – India, prime minister, 1966-1977; 1980-1984 Golda Meir – Israel, prime minister, 1969-1974 Margaret Thatcher – UK, prime minister, 1979-1990 Vigdís Finnbogadóttir – Iceland, president, 1980-1986 Corazon Aquino – Philippines, president, 1986-1992 Benazir Bhutto – Pakistan, 1988-1990; 1993-1996 Mary Robinson – Ireland, president, 1990-1997 Violeta Chamorro – Nicaragua, president, 1990-1997 Mary McAleese – Ireland, president, 1997-2007 Megawati Sukarnoputri – Indonesia, president, 2000-2004 Tarja Halonen – Finland, president, 2000-2012 Pratibha Patil – India, president, 2007-2012 Ellen Sirleaf Johnson – Liberia, president, 2006- Park Geun-hye – South Korea, president, 2013-

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Migration Patterns

Rural areas depopulating to urban regions Global creation of slums: Mexico City, Karachi,

Mumbai, Cape Town, Nairobi, Rio de Janeiro, etc. Immigration for economic reasons Refugees fleeing war, poverty Tourism increasingly common in twenty-first

century Are cities the future?

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Migration Patterns Top 20 Major Urban Population Centers, 2013

1) Tokyo, Japan: 34,700,000 incl. Yokohama, Kawasaki, Saitama2) Guangzhou (Canton) China: 26,400,000 incl. Northern Pearl River Delta incl. Dongguan, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan3) Jakarta, Indonesia: 26,000,000 incl. Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Tangerang Selatan4) Shanghai, China: 26,000,000 incl. Suzhou 5) Seoul, South Korea: 25,600,000 incl. Bucheon, Goyang, Incheon, Seongnam, Suweon 6) Delhi, India: 23,700,000, incl. Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon 7) Ciudad de México (Mexico City), Mexico: 23,600,000incl. Nezahualcóyotl, Ecatepec, Naucalpan 8) Karachi, Pakistan: 22,300,000 9) Manila, Philippines: 21,900,000 incl. Kalookan, Quezon City 10) New York, New York, U.S.A.: 21,600,000, incl. Bridgeport, Newark, New Haven 11) São Paulo, Brazil: 21,400,000 incl. Guarulhos 12) Mumbai (Bombay), India: 21,200,000incl. Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Thane, Ulhasnagar, Vasai-Virar 13) Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.: 17,100,000 incl. Anaheim, Riverside 14) Beijing, China: 16,900,000 15) Ōsaka, Japan: 16,800,000 incl. Kobe, Kyoto 16) Moscow, Russia: 16,300,000 17) Cairo, Egypt: 16,000,000 incl. Al-Jizah, Hulwan, Shubra al-Khaymah 17) Dhaka, Bangladesh: 16,000,000 19) Kolkata (Calcutta), India: 15,900,000 incl. Haora 20) Buenos Aires, Argentina: 14,500,000incl. San Justo, La Plata

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