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Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Jan 03, 2016

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Sheila Butler

host intestinesproglottids

base of foot foot

larva developsfinal

rocky shoresuse muscular

hard shell protectionmost

brainhydrozoaalternate

gas exchangeexcretion

poresnervous system

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Page 1: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.
Page 2: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Chapter 33

Page 3: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Lack a backbone95% of known animal speciesOccupy almost every habitat on

Earth

Page 4: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

No True tissuesNo symmetrySuspension feedersMost are hermaphroditic

Page 5: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.
Page 6: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.
Page 7: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Radial symmetryAll have cnidocytesDiploblasticGastrovascular cavity (no anus)CarnivorousBody plan:

PolypMedusa

Simple muscle systemSimple nerve net nervous system,

no brain

Page 8: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

HydrozoaAlternate polyp and medusa in life cyc

le, with polyp as dominant stageExamples: colonial hydroids, hydra, P

ortuguese Man of WarScyphozoa:

Prominent medusaExamples jellyfish

Anthozoa:Polyps are dominantSea anemonies, and coral

Page 9: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Lack coelomBilateral symmetryWhat evolutionary novelty comes

with bilateral symmetry?Cephalization

Page 10: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

What new novelties are seen in this phylum?

Triploblastic, so has muscular system

OrgansCephalization, more complex

nervous system

Page 11: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Turbellaria:CarnivorousMoves by ciliaEyespots on headRudimentary brainDiffusion for gas exchangeExcretion through flame cellsHermaphroditic

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Often called flukesAll members are parasiticWhat makes a parasite in good

standing?Become an egg machine since it is

hard to find a hostUse intermediate hostsDevelop hooks and suckersHermaphroditism, so that limits need

to find others

Page 15: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.
Page 16: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

TapewormsParasiticScolex in adult hooks onto the

host intestinesProglottids for reproductionEggs eaten by intermediate host

and larva developsFinal host infected by eating

intermediate host encysted with larva forms

Do not eat poorly cooked meats!

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Not quite a true coelom, missing the inner lining of muscle

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Mostly marine1st to get an anusOrgans lie in the pseudocoelomParthogenesis – unfertilized eggs develop into females

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Page 24: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Many found in soil, useful for nutrient recycling

Complete digestive tractSome are parasitic, e.g. trichinella

and hookworm (dogs)

Page 25: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.
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Mouth develops from the blastoporeCleavage is radial and determinateALL HAVE A TRUE COELOM!

Page 28: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Bilateral symmetryOpen circulatory systemSoft bodied, with hard shell protectionMost have exoskeletonsReduced or no segmentationRadula; rasping tongue to scrape foodTrue coelomMany internal organsThree body parts

FootVisceral massMantle

Page 29: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.
Page 30: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Polyplacophora ChitonsCling to rocksLive on rocky shoresUse muscular foot to grip

GastropodsSnails, slugs, nudibranchsLargest classShell protects bodyTorsion leads to twisted bodyUses radula to scrape algae and graze

on plants

Page 31: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Bivalves:Clams, oysters, mussels, scallopsPossess shell divided and hinged into two halve

sFilter feedersSedentary lifestyle

CephalopodsSquid and octopus and nautilusUse jaws to bite preyMouth as base of foot (foot drawn into several t

entacles)Complex brains and capable of learning and m

oving fastMantle reduced or absentCan get large, How?

Page 32: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

SEGMENTATION!Closed circulatory systemAlimentary canalFive pairs of heartsGas exchange across skinMetanephridia for gas exchangeNitrogenous wastes exit from each segment

through poresNervous system with ganglia and ventral

nerve cords

Page 33: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

OligocheatesEarthworms

Polycheates:FanwormsTube dwellers (marine)

Hirudinea:LeechesUsed to treat bruised tissues and to s

timulate circulation

Page 34: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Coelom Serves as hydrostatic skeletonDeveloped complex organ systemProtects internal structures

SegmentationSpecialization of body segments

Page 35: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Key characteristics:Jointed appendagesSegmentationHard exoskeletonsExtensive cephalizationOpen circulatory systemGas exchange gills in water,

book lungs or spiracles on land

Page 36: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Successes:Exoskeleton, lets them thrive on land,

but limitedJointed appendages allowed for

walking and then flying in someMore successful organization of

segmentsLimits:

Exoskeleton is shedLimited brain sizeLimited body size

Page 37: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

TrilobitesExtinct groupShow pronounced segmentation, with

little variation in appendagesEarly, primitive arthropods

CheliceratesIncludes the arachnids1-2 body segments with 8 legs

UniramiaIncludes insects, millipedes and

centipedes

Page 38: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

ArachnidsScorpions, spiders, mites

Insects 1 pair of antennae6 legs3 body segments

CrustaceansCrabs, crayfish, lobsters, isopods (pill bugs)2 or 3 body segments

Page 39: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Radial indeterminate cleavageBlastopore becomes the anus

Page 40: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Secondarily evolved radial symmetryUnique water vascular systemHas mouth and anusHas endoskeleton

Page 41: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

AseroideaSea stars

OphiuroideaBrittle stars

EchinoideaSea urchins and sand dollars

HolothuroideaSea cucumbers

Page 42: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Phylum Annelida

Page 43: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Phylum Cnidaria

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Phylum Mollusca

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Phylum Echinodermata

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Phylum Arthropoda

Page 47: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Phylum Nematoda

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

Page 49: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

Phylum Porifera

Page 50: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

. . . the exoskeleton

Page 51: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

. . . none

Page 52: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

. . . segmentation

Page 53: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

. . . it is one way; having both a mouth and an anus

Page 54: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

. . . bilateral symmetry and cephalization

Page 55: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

. . . radial symmetry

Page 56: Chapter 33 Lack a backbone 95% of known animal species Occupy almost every habitat on Earth.

. . . the coelom

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An open circulatory

system limits the size of these

animals

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The closed circulatory system is

much more efficient!

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