Chapter 32 To the Twenty-First Century 1989–2006 America Past and Present Eighth Edition Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand Copyright.

Chapter 32Chapter 32To the Twenty-First To the Twenty-First Century 1989–2006Century 1989–2006

America Past and PresentEighth Edition

Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

The First President The First President BushBush

• Elected because of association with Reagan as Vice-President

• Main accomplishments were in foreign affairs

Republicans at homeRepublicans at home• Americans With Disabilities Act only real

expansion of domestic policy• Collapsing Savings and Loan industry

restructured and bailed out by government• Budget deficits soared

• High expenses like Savings and Loan bailout• Economic recession increased deficit

• Bush’s deficit reduction• Raised taxes, broke “no new taxes” campaign

promise• Cut military expenditures • Didn’t work, national debt went to $1 trillion by end

of Bush Presidency

The Election of 1988The Election of 1988

Ending the Cold WarEnding the Cold War

• June, 1989: Tiananmen Square• Bush publicly critical, privately sought to maintain

relations

• Fall 1989: Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe• Solidarity government replaced Communists in

Poland• Berlin Wall torn down

• 1991–1992: U.S.S.R. dissolved, Communist Party outlawed in Russian Republic

• Cautious, but encouraging response by Bush

The End of the Cold The End of the Cold WarWar

The Gulf WarThe Gulf War• Iraq occupied Kuwait in August 1990• Operation Desert Shield, U.S. forces protected

Saudi Arabia, prepared for war with Iraq• Bush built international coalition supportive of

repealing aggression, but not necessarily removing Saddam

• January 1991: With Congressional and UN support, Operation Desert Storm launched, military force to drive Iraq from Kuwait

• Operation successful in short term, but failure to remove Saddam led to future problems

• Migration South and West • Immigration from developing nations

The Changing Faces of The Changing Faces of AmericaAmerica

A People on the MoveA People on the Move• By the 1990s, majority of Americans

lived in the South and West• Started with defense industry jobs in WWII• Climate keeps it

• 1994: Texas replaced New York as second most populous state

• Migration of elderly to the Sunbelt increased region’s political clout

• Country’s population became more urban and elderly

The Revival of The Revival of ImmigrationImmigration

• Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 stimulated immigration

• By 2005, 30 million legal immigrants, 12% of U.S. population• Half from Latin America • One quarter from Asia

• Critics charged that immigrants took more in social services than they contributed and they will always be permanent underclass

Emerging HispanicsEmerging Hispanics• 2002: Hispanics became the largest

ethnic group• Population spread out geographically• Younger, poorer, less educated

• Undocumented aliens blamed for social problems, especially in southwest

• 1986: Amnesty program offered to deal those problems

• Despite security measures after September 11, 2001 attacks, number of undocumented aliens went up

Advance and Retreat for Advance and Retreat for African AmericansAfrican Americans

• 2002: Blacks second largest ethnic minority• Black middle class gains in business,

education • Disproportionately high number of blacks in

poverty • Two events dramatize the effect of black

poverty• 1992: Rodney King beating and Los Angeles riots• Chaos of Hurricane Katrina and suffering of black

community of New Orleans

Americans from Asia and Americans from Asia and the Middle Eastthe Middle East

• Asian Americans fastest growing minority in the 1990s• Recent origins: China, the Philippines,

Japan, India, Korea, and Vietnam

• Many Asian Americans well-educated, well-off

• Middle East American population also grew rapidly from 1970 to 2000

• Middle Eastern immigrants felt suspicion on their communities after 9/11 attacks

Assimilation or Assimilation or Diversity?Diversity?

• Melting pot ideal waning• Metaphors of mosaic enduring

differences existing in harmony on the rise

• Census Bureau’s ethnic categories incomplete and confusing• added multiracial categories in 2000

The New DemocratsThe New Democrats

• Democrats moved away from liberal reliance on big government

• Bill Clinton promised a moderate Democratic agenda

The Election of 1992The Election of 1992

• Bush’s weaknesses• Increasing deficit • Economic recession

• Democrat Clinton runs on promise to revitalize economy

• Independent Perot runs on promise to cut the deficit

Clinton and CongressClinton and Congress

• Tax increases and budget cuts reduced the deficit

• 1993: Democrats split over NAFTA• Clinton argued free trade would create jobs • Labor fears cheap labor in Latin America

• Republican “Contract with America” shifted election from personalities to national ideology• Clinton scandals erode support for Democrats• 1994: Republicans won both houses of

Congress

Clinton and CongressClinton and Congress• Republicans claimed mandate to complete

Reagan agenda of tax cuts and reduce role of government

• Welfare reform and minimum wage increase occurred, but Congress and Clinton deadlock on other issues

• Government shutdown and GOP rhetoric allowed Clinton to blame Republicans for deadlock

• That helps him win reelection in 1996

Scandal in the White Scandal in the White HouseHouse

• The occasion—President involved in sexual relationship with intern Monica Lewinski

• Clinton initially maintained innocence before public and grand jury

• Undeniable evidence exposed president’s false denials

• Special prosecutor reported 11 possible impeachment charges to Congress

• Public viewed episode as a private matter• House Republicans ignored that and proceed

with impeachment in 1999• Senate refused to convict him

Clinton and the WorldClinton and the World

• Clinton gave top priority to domestic issues

• Clinton emphasized economics rather than geopolitics in world affairs

• Foreign policy drifted for Clinton as for Bush

Old Rivals in new lightOld Rivals in new light• Supported and gave aid to Russian leaders

despite brutal war in Chechnya• Clinton convinced former Soviet Republics

with nuclear weapons to give them up• “Constructive engagement” with China,

especially renewals of Most-Favored-Nation status with China increased Chinese share of U.S. market

• China defied Clinton on arms sales, threatened Taiwan, and continued political repression

To intervene or notTo intervene or not• Somalia

• Inherited from Bush Administration• Clinton shifted from humanitarian to vague

nation-building mission• Mission ended in fiasco

• Haiti• Clinton forced Haitian military rulers to

abdicate• 1994: U.S. troops land unopposed• Civilian leaders unable to restore

democracy, economy

The Balkan Wars: The Balkan Wars: BosniaBosnia

• 1991 Yugoslavia broken up• Conflict erupted in ethnically divided

Bosnia• Bosnian Serbs engaged in “ethnic

cleansing”• NATO bombing and Bosnian and Croat

offensives led to cease fire• 1995 Dayton Peace Accord divided

Bosnia into Muslim-Croatian, Serbian enclaves

The Balkan Wars: The Balkan Wars: KosovoKosovo

• Serb leader Milosevic ended autonomy of Kosovo, sparked guerilla war and Serb crackdown

• NATO and others engaged in bombing campaign to force Serbs to stop

• Eventually air campaign worked and Serbs withdrew, NATO peacekeepers moved in

• Response to Balkan crises showed limitations of American power in post-Cold War world

Breakup of Breakup of YugoslaviaYugoslavia/Civil War /Civil War in Bosniain Bosnia

Republicans Republicans TriumphantTriumphant

• Democrats optimistic in 2000 because of booming economy and no security threats

• 2000 election big disappointment to Democrats

The Disputed Election of The Disputed Election of 20002000

• Dominant trends of election year 2000• Economic boom favors Democrats• Disappointment with Clinton’s failings

favored Republicans

• The Candidates• Republican George W. Bush called for

limiting government and relying on the market

• Democrat Al Gore called for expanded federal role in education and health care

• Green Party candidate pushed Gore left

The Disputed Election of The Disputed Election of 2000 (2)2000 (2)

• Extremely close race ended up hanging on disputed Florida vote• Gore led in popular vote (eventually

200,000) and Electoral College (267) • Florida’s 25 electoral votes would bring

Bush total to 271• Gore called for recount of Florida vote• December 12, 2000: U.S. Supreme

Court ended recount efforts with ruling in Bush’s favor

George W. Bush at George W. Bush at homehome

• Bush made tax cuts priority, even over Clinton priority of cutting deficits

• Economic slowdown as high-tech bubble burst

• No Child Left Behind Act required states to give annual performance tests to schools

• Economy rocked by recession and a series of corporate scandals involving Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco

The War on TerrorismThe War on Terrorism

• September, 11 2006: Terrorists fly airplanes into the World Trade Center and Pentagon

• Terrorists belonged to Islamic Fundamentalist group called Al Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden

• Al Qaeda based in Afghanistan with approval of Taliban

• U.S. had tried to destroy Al Qaeda for earlier attacks on the U.S.S. Cole and embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

The War on TerrorismThe War on Terrorism• U.S. special forces and anti-Taliban

Afghans of Northern Alliance overthrew Taliban in October 2001

• Congress creates Department of Homeland Security

• Cost of security and business losses forced several airlines to brink of bankruptcy and federal bailout

• Patriot Act expanded government power, criticized as unconstitutional violation of civil liberties

A new American A new American Empire?Empire?

• Bush administration rejected international cooperation in favor of unilateral action

• U.S. withdrew from Kyoto Protocol and ABM Treaty

• 2002 State of the Union— “Axis of Evil” speech (Iraq, Iran, and North Korea)

• March, 2003: U.S. invaded Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein and his weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

• Hussein was deposed, but no WMD were found• Restoring order and rebuilding the economy

proved difficult

Bush reelectedBush reelected• Iraq War central issue in 2004 election• Strong emotions produced record

turnout• Bush won close election, but claimed

mandate to continue in Iraq and privatize social security

• Social Security reform abandoned• By February, 2006, 74% of Americans

thought U.S. should pull troops out of Iraq within a year

Challenges of the New Challenges of the New CenturyCentury

• America still divided over cultural issues• Healthcare and retirements systems

sagging under increasing demands• Many environmental concerns for

Americans

The Culture Wars The Culture Wars ContinueContinue

• 2003: Supreme Court ruled affirmative action in higher education acceptable

• Bush appointed 2 new Supreme Court Justices in 2005, giving hope to anti-abortion forces that Roe v. Wade might be overturned

• Gay marriage became key issue, several states passed laws defining marriage as between 1 man and 1 woman

• Intelligent design vs. evolution became key issue in education curriculum

Prosperity—for Whom?Prosperity—for Whom?

• Prosperity restored, but wages were flat and medical retirement benefits fell

• Globalization caused outsourcing, resulting in job insecurity from the auto industry to high tech call centers

• Rising oil prices caused by Mideast conflicts and increased consumption in China caused more insecurity for average Americans

Doubting the futureDoubting the future

• American economy increasingly at the mercy of developments away from American shores

• Load on Social Security continues to increase• Health care costs go up dramatically and take

an increasing share of the country’s wealth• Illegal immigration becomes increasingly

controversial• Global warming recognized as a problem, but

no solution agreed to

The paradox of powerThe paradox of power

• Never before had Americans been more powerful relative to the rest of the world, yet never had they felt more at risk

• Fundamental challenge was how to balance their power against their vulnerabilities