Chapter 3 the us intelligence community

The IC is a federation of executive branch agencies and organizations that work separately and together to

conduct intelligence activities necessary for the conduct of foreign relations and the protection of the national

security of the United States

The threat to the United States that the Intelligence Community must mitigate takes several forms. In addition to conventional military threats that have

challenged us in the past, new transnational problems involve the possibilities of terrorism, proliferation,

chemical and biological warfare, information infrastructure attack, and narcotics trafficking.

Seventeen separate organizations united to form the Intelligence Community (IC). Each member agency operates under its own

directive, yet they are all dedicated to the defense of our country and

national security.

(CIA) is responsible for providing national security intelligence to senior U.S. policymakers. The CIA director is nominated by the president and confirmed by

the Senate. The director manages the operations, personnel and budget of the CIA and acts as the National Human Source Intelligence manager. The CIA is separated into four basic components: the National Clandestine Service, the Directorate of Intelligence, the Directorate of Science & Technology, and the Directorate of Support. They carry out “the intelligence cycle,” the process of collecting, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence information to top U.S. government officials.

John O. Brennan is the director of the CIA.

The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence is responsible for the intelligence and

counterintelligence activities throughout the DOE complex, including nearly 30 intelligence and counterintelligence offices nationwide. The mission is to protect, enable, and represent the vast scientific brain trust resident in DOE's laboratories and plants. The office protects vital national security information and technologies, representing intellectual property of incalculable value, and provides unmatched scientific and technical expertise to the U.S. government to respond to foreign intelligence, terrorist and cyber threats, to solve the hardest problems associated with U.S. energy security, and to address a wide range of other national security issues.

Steven K. Black is the director of the Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence.

The Office of Intelligence and Analysis is responsible for using information and intelligence from multiple sources

to identify and assess current and future threats to the U.S. DHS Intelligence focuses on four strategic areas: Promote understanding of threats through intelligence analysis; Collect information and intelligence pertinent to homeland security; Share information necessary for action; and Manage intelligence for the homeland security enterprise. The Under Secretary for I&A also serves as DHS’ chief intelligence officer and is responsible to both the secretary of Homeland Security and the director of National Intelligence.

John D. Cohen, Principal Deputy Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis / CT Coordinator.

The Bureau of Intelligence and Research provides the Secretary of State with timely, objective analysis of global developments as well

as real-time insights from all-source intelligence. It serves as the focal point within the Department of State for all policy issues and activities involving the Intelligence Community. The INR Assistant Secretary reports directly to the Secretary of State and serves as the Secretary's principal adviser on all intelligence matters. INR's expert, independent foreign affairs analysts draw on all-source intelligence, diplomatic reporting, INR's public opinion polling, and interaction with U.S. and foreign scholars. Their strong regional and functional backgrounds allow them to respond rapidly to changing policy priorities and to provide early warning and in-depth analysis of events and trends that affect U.S. foreign policy and national security interests.

Philip Goldberg is the assistant secretary of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR).

The Office of Intelligence and Analysis was established by the Intelligence Authorization Act for fiscal 2004. OIA is responsible for the receipt, analysis, collation, and dissemination of foreign intelligence and foreign counterintelligence information related to the operation and responsibilities of the Department of the Treasury. OIA is a component of the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI). TFI marshals the Department’s intelligence and enforcement functions with the twin aims of safeguarding the financial system against illicit use and combating rogue nations, terrorist facilitators, weapons of mass destruction proliferators, money launderers, drug kingpins, and other national security threats.

Leslie Ireland is the Treasury's assistant secretary for intelligence and analysis.

Department of Defense combat support agency. With more than 16,500 military and civilian employees worldwide, DIA is a major producer and

manager of foreign military intelligence and provides military intelligence to warfighters, defense policymakers and force planners, in the DOD and the Intelligence Community, in support of U.S. military planning and operations and weapon systems acquisition. The DIA director serves as principal adviser to the secretary of defense and to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on matters of military intelligence. The director also chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the defense intelligence community.

Lt. Gen. Michael T. Flynn, USA, is the director of the DIA

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE IN DEFENSE OF THE NATION

Responsible for enforcing the controlled substance laws and regulations

of the United States. DEA’s Office of National Security Intelligence (ONSI) became a member of the IC in 2006. ONSI facilitates full and appropriate intelligence coordination and information sharing with other members of the U.S. Intelligence Community and homeland security elements. Its goal is to enhance the U.S.’s efforts to reduce the supply of drugs, protect national security, and combat global terrorism. DEA has 21 field divisions in the U.S. and more than 80 offices in more than 60 countries worldwide.

Rodney G. Benson is the chief of intelligence for the DEA.

The FBI, as an intelligence and law enforcement agency, is responsible for understanding threats to our national security and penetrating national and transnational networks that have a desire

and capability to harm the U.S. The National Security Branch was established in response to a presidential directive and Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission recommendation to establish a National Security Service that combines the missions, capabilities, and resources of the FBI’s counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and intelligence elements under the leadership of a senior FBI official. In July 2006, the NSB created the WMD Directorate to integrate components previously distributed throughout the FBI. The NSB also includes the Terrorist Screening Center, which provides crucial, actionable intelligence to state and local law enforcement, and the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group, an interagency body that collects intelligence from key terror suspects to prevent attacks against the U.S. and its allies.

Andrew G. McCabe is the executive assistant director of the NSB.

Provides timely, relevant, and accurate geospatial

intelligence in support of national security objectives. Information collected and processed by NGA is tailored for customer-specific solutions. By giving customers ready access to geospatial intelligence, NGA provides support to civilian and military leaders and contributes to the state of readiness of U.S. military forces. NGA also contributes to humanitarian efforts such as tracking floods and fires, and in peacekeeping. NGA is a Department of Defense Combat Support Agency. Headquartered in Springfield, Va., NGA operates major facilities in the St. Louis, Mo. and Washington, D.C. areas. The agency also fields support teams worldwide.

Letitia A. Long is the director of the NGA.

Designs, builds and operates the nation's reconnaissance satellites. NRO products, provided

to an expanding list of customers like the Central Intelligence Agency and the Department of Defense, can warn of potential trouble spots around the world, help plan military operations, and monitor the environment. As part of the Intelligence Community, the NRO plays a primary role in achieving information superiority for the U.S. Government and Armed Forces. A DOD agency, the NRO is staffed by DOD and CIA personnel. It is funded through the National Reconnaissance Program, part of the National Foreign Intelligence Program.

Betty J. Sapp is the director of the NRO.

Central Security Service is the nation's cryptologic organization that coordinates, directs, and performs highly specialized activities to protect U.S. information systems and to produce foreign signals

intelligence information. A high-technology organization, NSA is at the forefront of communications and information technology. NSA is also one of the most important centers of foreign language analysis and research within the U.S. government and is said to be the largest employer of mathematicians in the United States and perhaps the world. Founded in 1952, NSA is part of the Department of Defense and a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community. The Agency supports military customers, national policymakers, and the counterterrorism and counterintelligence communities, as well as key international allies. Its workforce represents an unusual combination of specialties: analysts, engineers, physicists, mathematicians, linguists, computer scientists, researchers, as well as customer relations specialists, security officers, data flow experts, managers, administrative officers and clerical assistants.

Gen. Keith B. Alexander, USA, is the director of NSA/CSS.

The Honorable James R. Clapper was sworn in as the fourth Director of National Intelligence (DNI) on August 9, 2010.

As DNI,

Mr. Clapper leads the United States Intelligence Community and serves as the principal intelligence advisor to the President.

Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (AF ISR) is the Air Force’s IC component that provides policy, oversight, and guidance to all Air Force intelligence

organizations. The Air Force ISR Agency organizes, trains, equips, and presents forces to conduct intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance for combatant commanders and the nation. Air Force ISR is also responsible for implementing and overseeing policy and guidance, and expanding AF ISR capabilities to meet current and future challenges. The AF ISR Agency commander serves as the Service Cryptologic Element under NSA, and oversees Air Force Signals Intelligence activities. The AF ISR Agency has more than 19,000 military and civilian members serving at 72 locations worldwide and commands several subcomponents, including the 70th ISR Wing, the 480th ISR Wing, the 361st ISR Group, the Air Force Technical Application Center, and the National Air and Space Intelligence Center.

Lt. Gen. Larry D. James, USAF, is the deputy chief of staff for ISR.

(G-2) is responsible for policy formulation, planning, programming, budgeting, management, staff supervision, evaluation, and oversight for intelligence activities for the Department of the Army. The G-2 is responsible for the overall coordination of the five major military intelligence (MI) disciplines within the Army: Imagery Intelligence, Signals Intelligence, Human Intelligence, Measurement and Signature Intelligence, and Counterintelligence and Security Countermeasures.

Lt. Gen. Mary A. Legere, USA, is the deputy chief of staff, G-2.

The Coast Guard's broad responsibilities include protecting citizens from the sea (maritime safety), protecting America from threats delivered by the sea (maritime security), and protecting the sea itself (maritime stewardship). The Coast Guard's

persistent presence in the maritime domain, due to its diverse mission sets and broad legal authorities, allows it to fill a unique niche within the Intelligence Community. Because of its unique access, emphasis, and expertise in the maritime domain Coast Guard Intelligence can collect and report intelligence that not only supports Coast Guard missions, but also supports national objectives. Coast Guard Intelligence strives to create decision advantage to advance U.S. interests by providing timely, actionable, and relevant intelligence to shape Coast Guard operations, planning, and decision-making, and to support national and homeland security intelligence requirements.

The Coast Guard became a member of the Intelligence Community Dec. 28, 2001.

Rear Adm. Christopher Tomney, USCG, is the Director of Coast Guard Intelligence.

Marine Corps Intelligence staff is responsible for intelligence,

counterintelligence, terrorism, classified information, security review, and cryptologic activities.

Brig. Gen. Michael S. Groen USMC, is the director of intelligence.

Established in 1882, Naval Intelligence is America's longest continuously operating intelligence service. The mission of Naval Intelligence is to create a

decisive, warfighting advantage through accurate and timely warning of enemy capability, location and intent. Naval Intelligence professionals are deployed worldwide with operational Navy forces and Department of Defense elements, as well as at the Office of Naval Intelligence and Navy headquarters in the Pentagon.

Vice Adm. Kendall Card, USN, is the director of Naval Intelligence

ODNI Offices

•Acquisition, Technology & Facilities (AT&F)

•Chief Financial Officer (CFO)

•IC Chief Human Capital Officer (CHCO)

•Civil Liberties and Privacy Office (CLPO)

•IC Chief Information Officer (IC CIO)

•Chief Management Officer (CMO)

•Equal Employment Opportunity & Diversity (EEOD)

•Intelligence Community Inspector General (IC IG)

•Intelligence Integration (DDII)

•Office of General Counsel (OGC)

•Legislative Affairs (OLA)

•Public Affairs (PAO)

•Partner Engagement (PE)

•Policy and Strategy (P&S)

•Systems & Resource Analyses (SRA)

ODNI Centers

•Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity

(IARPA)

•Information Sharing Environment (ISE)

•National Counter proliferation Center (NCPC)

•National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)

•National Intelligence Council (NIC)

•Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive

(ONCIX)

Terrorism: refers to premeditated, politically motivated violence against state or civilian targets carried out by subnational groups or clandestine agents intended as a protest or coercive act.

Biological Warfare: is the deliberate use of pathogens or toxins for military or terrorist purposes. Biological warfare agents can be more toxic than chemical warfare nerve agents on a weight-for-weight basis and can potentially provide broader coverage per pound of payload. Biological warfare attacks can also be masked as naturally occurring epidemics due to the presence of a biological warfare agent such as bacillus anthracic (anthrax) in the environment.

Chemical Warfare: can be defined as the military use of chemicals, other than explosives, as weapons whose use results in incapacitation or death. It’s the impact of a chemical's effect, instead of its physical effects, that distinguishes chemical weapons from conventional weapons.

Proliferation: is the conveyance of chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons and/or technology by countries that possess them to ones that do not.

Information Infrastructure Attack: Political activism on the Internet has generated a wide range of activity, from using e-mail and web sites to organize, to web page defacements and denial-of-service attacks. These computer-based attacks are usually referred to as hacktivism, a marriage of hacking and political activism.

Counterintelligence: One responsibility of the IC is to identify, understand, prioritize and counteract the intelligence threats from foreign powers directed toward the United States. This activity is known as counterintelligence. Counterintelligence involves more than simply catching spies (counterespionage); it is concerned with understanding, and possibly neutralizing, all aspects of the foreign intelligence operations.

Narcotics Trafficking : Along with prevention and treatment, law enforcement is essential for reducing drug use. Illegal drug trafficking inflicts violence and corruption on our communities. Law enforcement is the first line of defense against such unacceptable activity. In addition to federal investigative and enforcement efforts, IC member agencies are committed to support of local and state law enforcement in their efforts to combat illegal drug trafficking

According to the type of activity involved, intelligence can be divided into four parts, often referred to as the "elements of Intelligence

1. Collection

2. Analysis

3. Covert Action

4. Counterintelligence

The Intelligence Community is subject to external oversight

from the Executive and Legislative branches. Within the Executive, the IC works

closely with the National Security Council (NSC).Other

Executive organizations involved in oversight include

the following:

2. The President's Intelligence Oversight Board (IOB):

Once a separate organization under the President, the IOB was made a standing committee of the PFIAB in 1993.,

3. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB):

OMB is part of the Executive Office of the President. It reviews intelligence budgets in light of presidential policies and priorities, clears proposed testimony, and approves draft intelligence legislation for submission to Congress.

1. The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB):

The PFIAB is an entity within the Executive Office of the President, formed "to assess the quality, quantity, and adequacy" of intelligence collection, analysis, counterintelligence, and other activities of the IC. The PFIAB reports directly to the President,

Principal Oversight--By law, the President must ensure that these two

committees are kept "fully and currently" informed of activity (IC)

1. The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI):The membership of the SSCI has ranged from 13 to 17, with the majority party in Congress

having one more member than the minority. Members of the SSCI serve 8-year terms. In addition to its role in annually authorizing appropriations for intelligence activities, the SSCI carries out oversight investigations and inquiries as required.

2. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI):The membership of the HPSCI is currently set at 19 members and is proportional to the

partisan makeup of the entire House of Representatives. Members may be appointed for terms up to eight years. Like its Senate counterpart, the HPSCI conducts oversight investigations and inquiries in addition to processing the annual authorization of appropriations for intelligence.

3. Other Committees:In addition to the intelligence committees, other congressional committees occasionally

become involved in oversight matters by virtue of their overlapping jurisdictions and responsibilities. The armed services committees of each House, for example, exercise concurrent jurisdiction over DOD intelligence activities, and the judiciary committees in each House exercise concurrent jurisdiction over FBI intelligence activities.

The DNI is not connected to any intelligence agency. The head of the Central Intelligence Agency (DCI) is now only the director of the CIA. In

addition to his staff, the DNI controls the National Counterterrorism Center

(NCTC), a new National Counter proliferation Center (NCPC), the

National Intelligence Council (NIC), and the National Counterintelligence Executive. Figure 1 offers a view of

the community.

Collection refers to the gathering of raw data, through espionage, technical means, exploitation of "open sources"

• Human-Source Intelligence (HUMINT)• Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)• Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)• Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT)

• Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)• Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)

Analysis refers to the process of transforming the pieces of information into something that is usable by policy makers and military commanders. The result, or "intelligence product”

Cryptanalysis. Cryptanalysis is the analytic investigation of an information system with the goal of illuminating hidden aspects of that system.

Telemetry/Signals Analysis. Telemetry/Signals Analysis is a technical discipline that seeks to recover, understand, and derive intelligence from foreign signals.

Photo Interpretation. Despite the sophistication of the equipment that can take pictures deep within otherwise inaccessible territory, no substitute has been found for the human eye when it comes to figuring out what those images show.

“TPED" is an acronym that stands for "tasking, processing, exploitation and dissemination." There is

an emerging belief that the community would be better served with a TPPU cycle that is Task, Post,

Process, and Use. Some have suggested that TPED is the supply-chain management for the GEOINT

Community. Alternatively, you can think of TPED as shorthand for the ensemble of people, systems, and processes that add value to a geospatial intelligence collection system. TPED is a cycle, developing raw

data into finished information for policymakers to use in decision making and action. The below diagram

illustrates the cyclic nature of the process:

The analysis described does not go directly to the policy maker or military commander. Developing finished intelligence involves analytical techniques not different from those of the social sciences.

Scientific Intelligence. Understanding new weapon systems that the enemy was developing thus became an important objective.

Military Intelligence. Military intelligence deals with information about foreign militaries and preparing your own military forces for the time of war. The basic military intelligence is the "order of battle,“

Political Intelligence. Political intelligence consists of information concerning the political processes, ideas, and intentions of foreign countries, factions, and leaders. The analysis that produces this intelligence is similar to all academic and journalistic research on both international and domestic politics.

Aside from instances in which relevant information cannot be obtained at all, intelligence failure refers to a disorder of the analytical process that causes data to be ignored or misinterpreted. looking first at institutional failures and then at those that relate more directly to the intellectual content of the intelligence work.

• Subordination of Intelligence to Policy.

• Unavailability of Information When and Where Needed.

• Received Opinion.

• Mirror-Imaging.

This discussion provided an overall picture of the U.S. Intelligence Community today and how it

functions.

The organization of the IC is governed by the National Security Act of 1947, as amended, and

Executive Order 12333. The statutory organizational relationships were revised with the Intelligence

Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Though the Intelligence Community characterizes itself

as a "federation" of its member elements, its overall structure is actually a confederation, due to its

lack of a well-defined, unified leadership and governance structure. Under the law, the head of the

Intelligence Community is the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).

The DNI exerts leadership over the Intelligence Community primarily through the statutory authorities under which he:

• Controls the National Intelligence Program budget;

• Establishes objectives, priorities, and guidance for the Intelligence Community; and

• Manages and directs the tasking of, collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of national intelligence by elements of the Intelligence Community.

However, the DNI has no authority to direct and control any element of the

Community except his own staff, the Office of the DNI. The member elements in

the executive branch are directed and controlled by their respective department

heads, who are all cabinet-level officials who report to the President. Only the

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency reports to the DNI. The Intelligence

Community is overseen by a number of U.S. Congressional committees. Primary

jurisdiction over the Community is assigned to the U.S. House Permanent Select

Committee on Intelligence and the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence,

though the U.S. House Committee on Armed Services and U.S. Senate Committee

on Armed Services draft bills to annually authorize the budgets of Department of

Defense intelligence activities, and Appropriations Committees of both chambers

annually draft bills to appropriate the budgets of the Intelligence Community.

Mark M. Lowenthal

Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for

Analysis and Production

Vice-Chairman for Evaluation, National

Intelligence

Council

KEY TERMS

• Crosswalks

• Deputies Committee

• National Intelligence Priorities Framework

• Principals Committee Supplementals