Chapter 3 The Biosphere. Levels Within Levels An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving,

Chapter 3

The Biosphere

Levels Within Levels

• An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within an ecosystem, there are several levels of organization. Your school and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem.

Section 3-1

Interest Grabber

Go to Section:

• 1. What living things are found in and around your school?

• 2. What nonliving things are found in your school?

• 3. Into what large groups are the students in your school divided?

• 4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided?

• 5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so, what are these groups?

Section 3-1Interest Grabber continued

Go to Section:

• 3–1 What Is Ecology?

A.Interactions and Interdependence

B.Levels of Organization

C. Ecological Methods

1. Observing

2.Experimenting

3. Modeling

Section 3-1

Section Outline

Go to Section:

I.What is Ecology?

A.Interactions and Interdependence• __________________-scientific study of interactions

among organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings.

• _________came up with term ecology based on house and economy.

• The largest unit is the ______________________ which contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists,inc. water and atmosphere.

• Web of interactions in biosphere as organisms and environment ,which are interdependent

Ecology

HaeckelBiosphere

B.Levels of Organization

– 1)_______________level studies interactions between specific organism and surroundings 2)individuals belong to the same species and live in same area.

– 3)________________-groups of different populations living in the same area

– 4)__________________-collection of all the organisms living in particular place+ nonliving parts

– 5)_______________-group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities

species

population

communities ecosystem Biome

Section 3-1

Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization

C. Ecological Methods

• Observing-example What species live here?how many?...

• Experimenting-– An _______________________ may test a

hypothesis in a lab– field studies in natural ecosystems

• Modeling may be done because phenomena may occur over a long time/may use mathematical formulas

Artificial environment

Ecological Methods

Chemical Testing

Sites

Computer/Calculators

Written Record

Magnifying Tools

Measuring Tools

Observation Experiment Model BuildingField site Experimental plots,

field sites, laboratoryMany sites for datacollecting

Tapes, compass,Global PositioningSystem, thermometer,sensors

Tapes, compass,Global PositioningSystem, thermometer,sensors

Aerial views, GlobalPositioning System,weather balloons

Binoculars, microscope,telescope

Binoculars, microscope,telescope

Satellite images

Notes, automated datastorage

Notes, automated datastorage

Automated data storage

Test kits Test kits Large database,multiple sensors

Mathematical analysisand graphics, statistics

Mathematical analysisand graphics, statistics

Mathematical analysisand graphics, statistics,simulations

Section 3-1

Compare/Contrast Table

Go to Section:

Pass It Along

• Energy flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from the sun or inorganic compounds to producers (organisms that can make their own food) through various levels to consumers (organisms that rely on other organisms for food). Your body gets the energy and materials it needs for growth and repair from the foods you eat.

Section 3-2

Interest Grabber

Go to Section:

• 1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Indicate whether the food

• comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer).

• 2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are seeds. Where do seeds

• come from?

• 3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat?

• 4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many levels as you can.

Section 3-2

Interest Grabber continued

Go to Section:

• 1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Indicate whether the food

• comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer).

• 2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are seeds. Where do seeds

• come from?

• 3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat?

• 4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many levels as you can.

Sec

Go to Section:

II. Energy Flow

• A. Producers

– ____________-main source of energy for all life on earth

– Only <_____% of the sunlight is used by living things ,yet this produces much energy

– Some organisms use the energy stored in organic compounds-eg. In _____________and undersea vents

sun 1%

Hot springs

Energy Flow cont’d

– Only ____________________ can take (derive) energy directly from the sun or inorganic compounds…..Theses are called ____________________,which use the energy from the environment to fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules….finally forming tissue

– Because they can make their own food,autotrophs are called __________________.

– Both types of producers---those that get energy from sunlight and those that derive energy from inorganic compounds are essential. To the biosphere.

Plants,some algae and certain bacteria

autotrophs producers

A. Producers cont’d• 1) Energy from the sun:

– Get energy from _______________that converts CO2 and H2O into O2 and glucose,using light energy…..responsible for O2 we breath

– On land _______are the main autotrophs and and ______________are the main autotrophs under the water,at the upper layers.

• In tidal flats and salt marshes,photosynthetic bacteria called _________are the main autotrophs

photosynthesis

plants

algaecyanobacteria

Light energy

CO2+ H20------------carbs + O2

2. Life w/o Light:

• Rely on chemical bonds of such inorganic molecules as hydrogen sulfide

• ______________is when chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates---performed by several type of bacteria

• In volcanic vents on the deep ocean floor and hot springs

chemosynthesis

Consumers-also called ____________________rely on other organisms for their food supply

Types:

• 1)_______________eat only plants.eg-cows,caterpillars and deer

• 2)______________eat animals—eg-snakes and owls• 3)__________________-eat both plants and animals• eg-humans,bears• 4)________________________eat plant animal

remains,and other dead matter• called detritus—eg-earthworms and snails

heterotrophs

herbivores carnivores omnivores detrovites

II.cont’d( beginning w/B-5) ______________________

_-break down organic matter---eg. Bacteria and fungi

Decomposers

C. Feeding Relationships

• ____________ flows through an ecosystem in one direction,from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs(producers) and then to various heterotrophs(consumers) .These relationships create feeding networks:

1. The energy stored by producers can be passed through an ecosystem along a ___________________-a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten…shows one way flow of energy

energy

Food chains

The animal plankton above is________________________,which devour the phytoplankton and are ,in turn, eaten by small fish.

zooplankton

• 2. ________________________-complex feeding interactions are shown. These show more complex relationships.Producers are either eaten or complete life cycle. Herbivores,omnivores,carivores and producers decompose,turning into detritus,by decomposers and devoured by detritivores and also by consumers.

Food webs

• 3. Each step in a food chain or food web is __________________________Each consumer depends on the trophic level below for energy.

Called a trophic level

4. Ecological Pyramids-shows the relative amount of matter contained w/in each trophic level being a chain or web…There are 3 types:

• Energy Pyramid-Only about __% of the energy available in one trophic level is transferred to the next…most is released into environment…..only about 1% transferred to humans….the more trophic levels ,the ____energy at the top.

10% less

• Biomass Pyramid-represents amount food available @ level – Total amount of living tissue in a trophic

level=________________• expressed in g/unit area

• Pyramid of Numbers –based on number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

biomass

Pyramid of NumbersShows the relativenumber of individualorganisms at eachtrophic level.

Biomass PyramidRepresents the amount ofliving organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, thegreatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.

Energy PyramidShows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.

Section 3-2

Ecological Pyramids

Go to Section:

III. Cycles of Matter

• Matter is cycled within and without an ecosystem

• Matter is passed from one organism to another through_______________

Biochemical cycles

Condensation

Seepage

Runoff

Precipitation

TranspirationEvaporation

RootUptake

Section 3-3

The Water Cycle

Go to Section:

Watergas in EVAPORATION and water enters the air from leaves in TRANSPIRATION

All the chemical substances an organism needs for life is a ______________/to build tissues and carry out cell functions

Nutrient

4 main types of processes move C through its cycle

• Biological processes like Photosynthesis,respiration and decomposition take up and release C and O2

• Geochemical processes,such as erosion and volcanos release CO2 into the atmosphere and oceans.

• Mixed Biochemical processes-burial and decomposition and conversion into coal and petroleum store underground C.

• Human activities like mining ,cutting and burning forests and fossil fuels release CO2 in the air.

CO2 inAtmosphere

CO2 in Ocean

Section 3-3

Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle

Go to Section:

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle

Go to Section:

N needed for amino acids and proteins

N-fixing bacteria from roots of legumes convert N gas into ammonia in Nitrogen Fixation,also into nitrates and nitrites.Producers use them to make proteins.This is then usable by the consumers to make their own proteins.

Denitrification is when organisms die and decomposers return n to soil as ammonia.Other soil bacteria convert Nitrates into N gas,releasing N into air again

P forms part of DNA and RNA

Nutrient Limitation

• Primary productivity is _________________________.• Available nutrients affect this.• When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient it

is called a______________.• Algal blooms occur due to the increase in a

nutrient.the algae may cover the surface of the water and block the sun

Rate @ which organic matter is created by producers

Limiting nutrient

Algal Blooms