Chapter 3: Section 3 Energy for Life
Chapter 3: Section 3
Energy for Life
Trapping and Using Energy
Where does energy for life come from? The food we eat
All of the activities of an organism involve chemical reactions.
The total of all chemical reactions in an organism is called metabolism
Trapping and Using Energy
The chemical reactions of metabolism need enzymes.
Enzymes cause a change, but the enzyme is not changed and can be used again.
Trapping and Using Energy
Without the right enzyme, a chemical reaction in a cell cannot take place
Each chemical reaction in a cell requires a specific enzyme
Photosynthesis All living thing are divided into two
groups – producers and consumers – based on how they obtain their food.
Organisms that make their own food are called producers
Organisms that cannot make their own food are called consumers
Photosynthesis Plants and many other kinds of
producers can convert light energy into another kind of energy called chemical energy.
This process is called photosynthesis.
During photosynthesis, producers use light energy to make sugars, which can be used as food.
Producing Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic molecules
that supply energy for cell processes.
Producers that use photosynthesis are usually green because they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll and other pigments are used in photosynthesis to capture light energy, these pigments are found in chloroplasts.
Producing Carbohydrates The captured light energy powers
chemical reactions that produce sugar and oxygen from the raw materials, carbon dioxide and water.
Some of the captured light energy is stored in the chemical bonds that hold the sugar molecules together.
Storing Carbohydrates Plants make more sugar during
photosynthesis than they need for survival.
Excess sugar is changed and stored as starches or used to make other carbohydrates.
Plants use carbohydrates as food for growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
Storing Carbohydrates
Consumers take in food by eating producers or other consumers.
No matter what you eat, photosynthesis was involved directly or indirectly in its production
Respiration
To get energy, cells break down food.
Some of the energy from the food is used when you move and some of it becomes thermal energy (heat energy).
Most cells also need oxygen to break down food.
Respiration During cellular respiration, chemical reactions occur that break down food molecules into simpler substances and release their stored energy.
Using Respiration to Break Down
Carbohydrates The food molecules most easily
broken down by the cells are carbohydrates.
The carbohydrates are broken down into glucose molecules.
As glucose molecules are broken down, energy is released.
Using Respiration to Break Down
Carbohydrates
The breakdown of energy occurs in the mitochondria of the cells of plants, animals, fungi, and many others.
This process uses oxygen , releases much more energy, produces carbon dioxide, and water as waste.
Fermentation
When cells do not have enough oxygen for respiration, they use a process called fermentation.
Fermentation releases some of the energy stored in glucose molecules
Fermentation
Some microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, carry out fermentation and make lactic acid.
Some of these organisms are used to produce yogurt and some cheeses.
Related Processes
Some producers use photosynthesis to make food.
All living things use respiration or fermentation to release energy stored in food.
Related Processes Photosynthesis and respiration are almost
opposite of each other.
Photosynthesis produces sugars and oxygen, respiration uses these products.
Respiration produces carbon dioxide and water, photosynthesis uses these products.
Related Processes
Question 1
The total of all chemical reactions is __________.
A. RespirationB. MetabolismC. Photosynthesis D. Enzyme
Question 2
Organisms that make their own food are consumers.
A. True B. False
Question 3
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
A. ChloroplastB. MitochondriaC. Nucleus D. Vacuole
Question 4
Food molecules most easily broken down by cells are _____________.
A. ProteinsB. LipidsC. FatsD. Carbohydrates
Question 5
Fermentation releases some of the energy stored in protein molecules.
A. True B. False
Question 6
__________ produces sugars and oxygen, and ___________ uses these products.
A. Respiration, photosynthesisB. Fermentation, respirationC. Photosynthesis, respirationD. Photosynthesis, fermentation