Chapter 3 (Nationalism In S.E Asia In The 20th Century)

1

Chapter 3

NATIONALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

“…Verily! Allah will not change the (good) condition of a people as long as they do not change their state (of goodness) themselves...” Surah Ar-Ra’d, Verse 11

OFF

2

3.1 FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF NATIONALISM

Main concern of foreigners was in making profits for themselves

Local people forced to work hard for them

Local people lived in hardship and poverty

They resented colonial rule and this helped stir up feelings of nationalism

3


Many locals educated in the West

Western education exposed them to ideas of freedom

Upon return, they began to stir the feelings of their own people

They led social and political nationalist movements

4


Western educated locals did not want to be dominated economically by foreigners

Worldwide economic depression of the1930s caused frustration with foreigners

Arrival of Chinese and Indian immigrants and their success made many locals resentful. This stirred up feelings of nationalism.

5


Islam played an important role as a unifying factor in the nationalist movements of Southeast Asia

External factors eg. Struggle for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi, the Chinese Revolution of 1911, and Japan’s shattering of European superiority during World War II encouraged the Southeast Asian rulers even more

6

3.2 NATIONALISM IN MALAYA

During the Second World War, Britain began to draw up plans to govern a post-war Malaya.

Malayan Union

However, many of the Malay Sultans were not happy with the plan

The Malayan Union was established in April 1946, despite strong protests from the Malays

7


By May 1946, the Malayan Union was abandoned.

Why did the Malays oppose the Malayan Union?

It threatened the special position of the Malays

It meant the loss of Sultans’ power and prestige

Granting citizenship rights to non-Malays meant Malays would be outnumbered by other races

8


The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was formed in March 1946. Dato Onn bin Jaafar was the President.

Main aims of UMNO:

• To make the British withdraw the Malayan Union• To defend Malay rights and interest• To prepare the Malays for their part in self-government

Dato Onn bin Jaafar

9


The Alliance

1952: UMNO and MCA formed a temporary alliance

MIC joined the alliance before the first general elections in 1955

Since then, this alliance has become a permanent feature

The Federation of Malaya

• Established in 1948 to replace the Malayan Union• Made up of Federated, Unfederated Malay states and two settlements under one government• Malay Sultans retained sovereignty• Citizenship restricted to those born in the Federation

10


June 1948: the Malayan Communist Party launched a full scale armed revolt in the country

AIMS OF MCP

• Disrupt the Malayan economy• Defeat the British government• Set up a Communist Republic in Malaya

• The government declared a state of Emergency• 1950: Briggs Plan – ‘New Villages’, ‘Operation Starvation’

Sir Harold Briggs

11


• Gerald Templer as new High Commissioner• New scheme introduced – ‘Black Areas and White Areas’

Baling Talks

• 1955: Tunku Abdul Rahman announced pardon for communists• Dec 1955: Talks between government and communists failed• July 1960: The Emergency ended

General Gerald Templer

12


1955 General Elections won by the Alliance

1956 Merdeka Mission a success, British agreed to grant independence to Malaya

1956 Reid Commission set up to draw up new constitution for an independent Malaya

• Malaya to have Parliamentary Democracy and Constitutional Monarchy• Automatic citizenship for those born after Independence day•Islam and Malay language as official religion and language

31st Aug 1957 Malaya became an independent nation

13

3.3 NATIONALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

1565 - 1898: Spanish ruled in Philippines

Spanish presence, exposed Filipinos to western liberal ideas

Filipinos became aware of injustice in their country

1899: Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence for the Philippines. He was unsuccessful.

1898: After the Americans defeated the Spanish in a war, they set up their own government in the Philippines.

Emilio Aguinaldo

OFF

14

3.3 NATIONALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

• 1907: Filipinos given representation in the Lower House of the government. Filipinos unsatisfied • 1907: Nationalist Party formed by Sergio Osmena• 1934: Tydings-MacDuffie Act• 1935: Commonwealth set up with Manuel Quezon as President• 1941: Japanese invasion

1945: Americans recaptured the Philippines

4 July 1946: The Philippines given independence

Signing the Tydings-Macduffie ActOFF

15

3.4 NATIONALISM IN INDONESIA

Factors responsible for the rise of Indonesian Nationalism:

Radin Adjeng KartiniOFF

16


1912 Sarekat Islam established

1916 Sarekat Islam asked the Dutch to grant Indonesia self-government

1920 Partai Komunis Indonesia formed. They aimed to gain independence by force.

1927

1929 Sukarno, leader of PNI arrested

1932 Sukarno became leader of PARTINDO

Partai Nasional Indonesia formed. They aimed to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the Dutch to gain independence.

Sukarno

OFF

17

1936 President of Indonesian Civil Service handed petition to Dutch asking for participation in Dutch administration

1940 Wiwoho Resolution sent to the Dutch

1942 The Japanese invaded Indonesia and agreed to grant Indonesia independence if they cooperated with them

15 Aug 1945 The Japanese surrendered in Indonesia

Sukarno declared Indonesia independent


17 Aug 1945

OFF

18


When the Dutch returned to Indonesia after World War II, they refused to recognise Indonesia’s independence.

Fighting broke out between Dutch and Indonesians

At Hague 1949: Dutch agreed to recognise Indonesian independence

17 August 1950: Indonesia became independent. Sukarno was the first president

Conference in the Hague, 1949

OFF

19

3.5 NATIONALISM IN THAILAND

• His administration was inefficient and corrupt• Siamese nationalism grew not only from civilian but also military discontent against the absolute power of the king.

(1910 - 1925)

(1925 - 1935)

• Supported plans to introduce constitutional government• 1932: A bloodless revolution took imposing democratic rule out of his hands

OFF

20


• Led by Nai Pridi Panomyong• Brought about by widespread discontent among the people of Thailand• The new parliamentary government consisted of a Legislative assembly and a Cabinet

1933: The Army and Navy took control of government

1938: Pibul Songgram became the Prime Minister of Thailand. He encouraged Thai nationalism.

Nai Pridi

OFF

21


Thai Nationalism During Japanese Expansion

• Under Pibul, Thailand allied with the Japanese• 1944: Aware that the Japanese would be defeated, Thai nationalists decided to support the Allies• 1945: Thailand gained support from America when the Japanese surrendered

Pibul Songgram

OFF

22

CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY

Oppressive Colonial

Rule

Role of Religion

Western Educatio

n

Economic Trends

Progress of Immigrant

Communities

Asian examples of nationalism

23

CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY

NATIONALISM IN MALAYA

1946: Formation of the Malayan Union

Formation of UMNO, MIC, MCA and the Alliance

1948: Federation of Malaya

1948 - 1960: The Emergency

General Elections, the Merdeka Mission and Independence

24

CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY

Nationalism in Philippines

Nationalism in Indonesia

Nationalism in Thailand

• American-Filipino alliance• Constitutional reforms under the US

• Indonesian political parties formed• Japanese Occupation• Dutch forced to give independence

• Movement against the absolute power of Chakri Dynasty• Rivalry between civilians and the military• Japanese Expansion and switch of allegiance to Americans

Chapter 3 (Nationalism In S.E Asia In The 20th Century)

Documents