CHAPTER 3 AN OVERVIEW OF TUR INDUSTRY ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4102/10/10...88 CHAPTER 3 AN OVERVIEW OF TUR INDUSTRY 3.1 TUR CULTIVATION Red gram is an important

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CHAPTER 3 AN OVERVIEW OF TUR INDUSTRY

3.1 TUR CULTIVATION

Red gram is an important pulse crop in India. It is also known as Pigeon pea,

Arhar and Tur. Red gram is mainly cultivated and consumed in developing countries of

the world. This crop is widely grown in India. India is the largest producer and consumer

of Red gram in the world. Red gram accounted for about 17 percent of the total

production of pulses in the country during the year 2006-07.

Red gram is a protein rich staple food. It contains about 22 percent protein, which

is almost three times that of cereals. Red gram supplies a major share of protein

requirement of vegetarian population of the country. Red gram is mainly consumed in the

form of split pulse as Dal, which is an essential supplement of cereal based diet. The

combinations of Dal-Chawal (pulse-rice) or Dal-Roti (pulse-wheat bread) are the main

ingredients in the average Indian diet. The biological value improves greatly, when

wheat or rice is combined with Red gram because of the complementary relationship of

the essential amino acids. It is particularly rich in lysine, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin and

iron.

In addition to being an important source of human food and animal feed, Red

gram also plays an important role in sustaining soil fertility by improving physical

properties of soil and fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Being a drought resistant crop, it is

suitable for dry land farming and predominantly used as an intercrop with other crops.

Nutritional values of edible portion of Red gram are given in Table No.1.

Table No. 3.1: Nutritional values of edible portion per 100 g of Red gram

Crop Energy

(cal)

Protein

(g)

Fat

(g)

Ca

(mg

Fe

(mg)

Thia

-min

Ribofla-

vin (mg)

Niacin

(mg)

Vit.A

value

Red

gram 335 22.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 0.45 0.19 2.9 132

Source: Nutritive value of Indian Foods, by Gopalan, C., et al., Indian council of Medical Research pub, 1971, PP. 60-114.

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Origin:

Its actual place of origin is very controversial as some people believe, it

originated in India, while others say, it originated in Africa. According to Vavilov

(1928), genus Cajanus originated in the Hindustan. As per Van Der Maesen (1980) also,

the centre of origin of the crop is India. According to Bentham (1861) and De Candolle

(1886), it originated in Africa.

Botanical Description:

Red gram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] belongs to family Leguminosae.

Numerous nodules are present on roots; these nodules contain a Rhizobium bacterium,

which fixes atmospheric nitrogen. The flowers are self-pollinated but cross-fertilization

may also occur to some extent. The fruit of the Red gram is a pod. Seeds are round or

lens shaped.

Cultivation practices

Tur is cultivated in a wide range of soils from black clay to sandy soil, but very

sensitive to waterlogged conditions. Being a drought resistant crop, it is best suitable for

dry-land farming and predominantly used as an intercrop with other crops like cotton,

sorghum, ground nut, black gram etc., to increase the yield and maintain soil fertility.

Seasonality Crop season in Tur can be seen through out the year in major countries like

India, Myanmar and Australia. In India and Myanmar, it is normally cultivated during

rainy season beginning from June - July and ends in November - December. Tur is a

Kharif crop in India and arrivals start from October and extend till December.

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India is largest producer of Red gram constitutes 69.97% of world production and

stagnant production in the country reflected in global output. Other major countries

are Myanmar, Malawi, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Among these Myanmar contributes

16.35 while other countries has very small share in world production. Myanmar annually

produces about 3.0-3.2 lakh tonnes and India is the major export market for this country.

Other producing countries in African continent have no large market surplus to trade in

international market. India is also major consuming country and constitutes 90% of

global Red gram consumption. India annually imports 2-3 lakh tones of which 95% is

from Myanmar.

Table No. 3.2 World Tur Production 2007

Rank Area Production (MT)

1 India 2310000

2 Myanmar 540000

3 Malawi 159365

4 Kenya 95637

5 Uganda 89000

6 Tanzania, United Republic of 48500

7 Dominican Republic 19456

8 Nepal 19245

9 Congo, Democratic Republic of 5750

10 Haiti 2500

11 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 1997

12 Panama 1959

13 Burundi 1800

14 Bangladesh 1445

15 Philippines 1350

16 Trinidad and Tobago 1100

17 Jamaica 868

18 Grenada 530

19 Comoros 320

20 Puerto Rico 230

Source: FAO

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Graph No. 3.1 World Tur Production

Graph No. 3.2 Year -wise India Tur out put

Source: FAO

Source: FAO

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Major producing states in India:

In India, Red gram is one of the most widely cultivated pulse crops. It was grown

over an area of 3.56 million hectares with a production of 2.31 million tonnes in 2006-

07.

Table No. 3.3: All-India area, production and yield of Red gram during 2006 -07

Source: Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, New Delhi

Note: Area : Million Hectares

Production : Million Tonnes

Yield : Kg / Hectare

State Area % to All India

Production % to All India

Cumulative %

Yield

Maharshtra

1.12 31.46 0.82 35.50 35.50 726

Uttar Pradesh

0.41 11.52 0.30 12.99 48.48 749

Karnataka

0.60 16.85 0.28 12.12 60.61 470

Gujarat

0.29 8.15 0.22 9.52 70.13 751

Madhya Pradesh

0.32 8.99 0.22 9.52 79.65 683

Andhra Pradesh

0.40 11.24 0.16 6.93 86.58 401

Orissa

0.13 3.65 0.11 4.76 91.34 803

Jharkhand

0.07 1.97 0.06 2.60 93.94 645

Bihar

0.04 1.12 0.04 1.73 95.67 989

Tamil Nadu

0.03 0.84 0.02 0.87 96.54 732

Others

0.15 4.21 0.08 3.46 100.00 0

All-India

3.56 100.00 2.31 100.00 650

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@: Since area / production is low in individual states; yield rate is not worked out.

Maharshtra is the largest producer of Red gram accounting for nearly 35.50

percent of the total production followed by Uttar Pradesh (12.99 percent), Karnataka

(12.12 percent), Gujarat (9.52 percent), Madhya Pradesh (9.52 percent) and Andhra

Pradesh (6.93 percent). These six major states together contribute about 88 percent of the

total production and about 88 percent of the total area in the country in 2006-07. Among

major Red gram growing states, Maharshtra has the largest area under the crop.

Maharshtra accounts 31.46 percent of the total area in the country followed by Karnataka

(16.85 percent), Uttar Pradesh (11.52 percent), Andhra Pradesh (11.24 percent), Madhya

Pradesh (8.99 percent) and Gujarat (8.15 percent), whereas productivity is highest in

Bihar (989 kg/ha) followed by Orissa (803 kg/ha), Gujarat (751 kg/ha) and Uttar Pradesh

(749kg/ha).

Sowing Time / Season:

• Pigeonpea is a traditionally Kharif crop sown in June-July with onset of Monsoon

in various agro-climatic zones of India.

• Shot duration varieties of pigeonpea are now becoming popular in the irrigated

area.

• These varieties are harvested much earlier than the occurrence of frost/cyclones

and can also be fitted well in to multiple cropping systems.

• Planting of early pigeonpea before the onset of monsoon in the month of June is

recommended for higher yields

• planting with onset of monsoon was the optimum because the earlier plantings

emulated the reproductive phase during the period of heavy rainfall which

ultimately caused drop of flowers and pods.

• Delay in planting reduces the yield of pigeonpea

• Delay in planting, caused reduction in the duration of crop, plant height, number

of branches and pods.

• However, the impact on the protein content was low.

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Seed Selection:

In organic farming stress is being given on the on-farm seed production and

preservation. For seed purpose identify vigorously growing healthy plants, free from

insect pests and diseases. Tag them for easy identification and harvest separately. Collect

only healthy pods. Use appropriate grading sieve to obtain uniformity in size and weight

of the grains. Drying of seeds in sun is very essential to obtain moisture level below 8%.

Pre-cultivation Practices:

As red gram is a deep rooted crop, it requires at least one deep tilling up 1 to 1.5

feet and one shallow tilling. Application of 10-20 quintals of well decomposed FYM or

10-12 quintal of enriched compost or 5 to 10 quintal of vermicompost mixed with 5 kg

PSB (phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer) during last tilling, when soil is wet is highly

beneficial. Apply 500 lit Sanjeevak or Jeevamrut /ha at the time of sowing or

immediately after sowing as soil treatment. This ensures ready availability of micro-

organisms for better fertility of soil. Plant farm bunds with trees of Neem, Babul,

Pongam, Sesban, Gliricidia etc. to get much leaf litter for soil nutrition. Trees also attract

birds that control the pests.

Seed Treatment

Treat the seeds with a mixture of Beejamrut (200gm/kg seed) and Trichoderma

viridi (8 gm/kg of seed). Dry the seeds in shade. Now again treat the seeds with red

gram Rhizobium and PSB biofertilizer (5gm each per kg of seed) and dry the treated

seeds in shade. Such treated seeds should be sown with 4-6 hour of treatment. In south

Indian states, Panchgavya is being used in place of Beejamrut. Seeds are soaked in

diluted Panchgavya for 20 min, dried and then treated with Trichoderma viridi, PSB

and Rhizobium.

Mono-cropping of red gram is unsustainable due to more pest-attack, and delayed

income. But to reduce pest attack and to ensure intermittent income, in mono-cropping,

mix 1-2 % seeds of sorghum or other millet with red gram at the time of sowing.

Growing of two rows of Moong after every two rows of red gram is also beneficial. It not

only ensures some Moong yield as bonus, but its biomass mulch reduces the growth of

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weeds, preserves soil moisture and ensures increased productivity of red gram. Leafy

vegetable can also be taken as intercrop in between two rows of red gram. Random

growth of sorghum or maize plants, act as bird perches and attracts birds and predator

insects that control pests. One or two row of marigold around the field or random

planting of about 100 marigold plants/acre also helps in control of insects and pests.

Spacing

• Long duration varieties of pigeonpea are tall, spreading and occupy the field for

about 250-270 days.

• These varieties are planted at wider row spacing of 90-120 cm and about 30 cm

between the plants particularly under rain fed conditions.

• Under irrigated conditions. row early maturing varieties are more popular as they

fit well in double cropping systems with other crops.

• These varieties are planted at a row spacing of 50-75 cm and plant to plant

spacing of 15-20 cm.

• In case of April planted pigeonpea, a row spacing of 90-120 cm is recommended

as the vegetative growth is much higher than June planted pigeonpea.

• Depending upon the size of seed and spacing, 15-25 kg/ha seed of pigeonpea is

sufficient.

Method of Sowing

• Pigeonpea is generally broadcasted.

• Line sowing is superior over broadcasting. Broadcasting results in uneven plant

population which ultimately results in low yield.

• In such areas where temporary water logging take place, planting on ridges have

been found superior.

Post rainy season pigeonpea

• When pigeonpea is grown in the cool post rainy season in India, it matures sooner

and grows much less tall than when it is sown at the beginning of the rainy

season.

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• To obtain satisfactory yields in the post rainy season the crop requires 12-30

plants/m2. 3-6 times more than required by the same genotype in the rainy season.

• Since soil moisture often becomes limiting factor is the pest rainy season, yields

tend to decline beyond a certain population.

• May yields can be obtained at 12 plants m2 and any further increase in population

led to decline in yield.

• Evidences are also available for no variation in yield from 33-45 plant m-

2 however it all depends on soil type and its moisture holding capacity.

Crop Rotation

Redgram is grown in summer and Kharif in northern India and Kharif and rabi in

southern Indian conditions. It may, therefore, be included in several crop rotations. The

important rotations are given as under:

1. Paddy - Paddy - Redgram

2. Groundnut+Redgram- Sorghum/Bajra/Maize

3. Groundnut – Rabi Redgram

4. Soybean - Rabi Redgram

5. Red gram+Urdbean-wheat

6. Black gram-Redgram

7. Green gram-Redgram

8. Red gram - cotton

Mixed/Intercropping

• Redgram is mainly grown as mixed with other traditional crops like urdbean,

green gram, groundnut, small millets etc.

• In this system, seeds of different crops are mixed together and broadcasted.

• Redgram can profitably be grown as intercrop with several widely spaced crops

like Black gram, maize, sugarcane, sorghum, etc. One or two rows of red gram

could be sown in between two rows of maize

• Paired planting also can be adopted in Redgram where two rows are made closer

and thus this extra space is provided in between two pairs of rows. The overall

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plant population on area basis is not affected but by the adjustment of rows more

space is provided in between two pairs which are utilized by intercrop.

• Summer Redgram may be intercropped with spring planted sugarcane.

Ratio in Intercropping:

• Redgram+Jowar/Maize/Pearlmillet = 1:2

• Redgram+ Greengram/Black gram/Soybean/Groundnut = 1:7

Seed Rate(Kg/Acre) Fertilizer(Kg/Acre)

Nitrogen Phosphorus Cropping Ratio

Redgram Groundnut Redgram

Groundnut /Maize

Redgram Groundnut

Redgram + Groundnut (1:7)

1.5 42 - 45 8 18 20 35

Redgram + Maize (1:2)

2-3 6 8 22 20 11

Some other Intercropping Systems:

• Redgram+ Bhendi

• Redgram+ Rainfed Paddy

• Rabi Redgram+Chillies

Cultural operations

Between 50 and 60 days of germination, the main shoot tip (called as “mother” shoot

locally) and the secondary branch tips (secondary shoots, called “daughters”) are pruned.

This promotes development of large number of tertiary shoots (called “grandchildren”

locally), which bear more number of pods, thus increasing the yield by 30-50%.

Grandchildren grow only at the expense of mothers and grandmothers, goes local saying.

Weed Management

Weed management is required only up to 60 days of crop growth, as this is the

time when weeds compete with the crop for nutrients. First weeding (hoeing) is to be

done at 20-25 days, while second hoeing is done at 50-60 days after sowing. Although

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some organic farmers are of the opinion that second hoeing damages root system and

need to be avoided. Do not throw or burn the uprooted or cut weeds. Leave them there in

the field as mulch. Normally no weeding is required after 60 days of crop growth, but in

case if it is needed then manual weeding should be done only in alternate rows.

Irrigation and water requirement

Red Gram requires 35-40 cm water, during its entire growth period. Optimum

moisture is necessary during (a) budding (b) flowering and (c) pod formation stages. As

red gram is a rainfed crop grown in assured rainfall areas, usually it does not require any

irrigation. If there is water stress, protective irrigation may be given in alternate rows at

these 3 stages. Avoid inter culture operations after harvesting of intercrop. Use harvested

intercrops' biomass as mulch to preserve soil moisture and to maintain microbial activity.

Important Pests & Dieses

The eggs of Helicoverpa are round and yellowish green in colour. Larvae emerge

from these eggs on warm summer days (at temperature of about 32-33oC), which can

grow up to 3.5 to 4 cm in 15-20 days. These larvae voraciously feed on leaves and can eat

entire leaf tissue except the veins. A larva can damage up to 20 pods in its life span,

before transforming in to pupa. The pupae are brown in colour and up to 1 cm long.

Moths emerge from these pupae in about months' time. Moths continue to reproduce year

round causing damage to the crops throughout the year except during hot

summer. Helicoverpa survives on 181 host plants across different seasons, including

cotton and legumes. Red gram is its preferred choice. Birds and parasitic insects predate

on the larva. Other insects grow either earlier or all through the cropping season.

Pod borer or Boll worm (Helicoverpa), aphids, jassids, thrips, mites etc are some

of the important insect pests of red gram. Fusarium wilt disease can also be a serious

problem in some places. Among them, Boll worm is most damaging and is of major

concern.

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Pest Life cycle

The eggs of Helicoverpa are round and yellowish green in colour. Larvae emerge

from these eggs on warm summer days (at temperature of about 32-33oC), which can

grow up to 3.5 to 4 cm in 15-20 days. These larvae voraciously feed on leaves and can eat

entire leaf tissue except the veins. A larva can damage up to 20 pods in its life span,

before transforming in to pupa. The pupae are brown in colour and up to 1 cm long.

Moths emerge from these pupae in about months' time. Moths continue to reproduce year

round causing damage to the crops throughout the year except during hot

summer. Helicoverpa survives on 181 host plants across different seasons, including

cotton and legumes. Red gram is its preferred choice. Birds and parasitic insects predate

on the larva. Other insects grow either earlier or all through the cropping season.

Economical threshold limit (ETL)

About 1-2 caterpillars per sq. m or 5-10 % pod damaged. ETL can be assessed by

using the number of insects trapped in pheromone traps, light traps or on yellow traps.

Pest Management

Habitat management and cultural practices

Biodiversity is a key component in keeping the pest's population below ETL.

Plant farm bunds with trees of Neem, Babul, Pongam, Sesban, Gliricidia etc. to get much

leaf litter. Intercropping of red gram with soybean, Moong, ground nut, sorghum/maize

and random planting of marigold and Hibiscus subdariffa (Lal ambari) helps in keeping

the pest population under ETL. Jaggery powder (10 kg/ ha) is sprayed on the soil surface,

to attract ants that predate on larva. About 10-12 bird perches are installed in one ha

attracts birds that predate on the pests. Yellow rice (1 kg rice cooked with turmeric

powder) kept on or near perches attracts predatory birds. Inundated release

of Chrysoperla 5000 eggs after 15 days of sowing and Trichogramma 50,000 eggs (2-3

cards) after 30 days of sowing can keep the problem of pests below ETL.

Control measures – If the pest exceeds ETL, the following control measures can be

adopted:

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1. 2-3 Sprays of 5% Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) at an interval 15 days. NSKE

enriched with 5% cow urine has been found to be more effective. The

Azadirachtin in the NSKE controls the boll worm and other sucking pests.

Alternatively, 20 kg of Neem leaves boiled with 100 liter water can also be used.

2. Alternatively, Garlic, Chili and Neem crushed in cow urine can be sprayed on

leaves. Caterpillars can also be controlled by spraying 500 – 1000 ml HNPV per

ha.

Harvest:

Harvesting is preferred around new moon, in dark night day after crop matures.

When most of the leaves are shed and 80% pods turned brown, is the best time for

harvest

Yield:

15-20 quintal/ ha as rain fed intercrop and 25-30 quintal/ha as irrigated mono rop

can be obtained. Very early and early varieties yield 20-30 % less.

Storage:

Dry clean seeds/ grain in sun to ensure moisture below 8%. Beetles affect red

gram in storage. Mix crushed Neem leaves with grain and store in gunny bags. Gunny

bags can also be treated with 5% Neem oil.

Processing of Tur

Processing is an important marketing function in the present day marketing of

Red gram. Processing convert the raw materials and bring the produce nearer to human

consumption. It is concerned with value addition to the produce by changing its form.

Pulses are generally converted into Dal by decutilating and splitting the whole seed. Over

75 percent of the total legumes produced in the country are split into Dal.

Dehulling pigeonpea is a primary process that converts the whole seed into dhal.

The dehulling operation involves two steps;

1. Loosening the husk from the cotyledons.

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2. Removing the husk from the cotyledons and splitting them using a roller

machine or stone chakki (quern).

Before dehulling in chakki, pigeonpea seed is soaked in water for 2 to 14 hours. Some

farmers treat the seed with oil before dehulling.

Processing of Red gram is generally known as Dal milling or dehulling. Milling

means removal of the outer husk and splitting the grain into two equal halves. Dal milling

is one of the major food processing industries in the country, next to rice milling. The

efficiency of conversion of grain to Dal by traditional methods of milling is low and the

resultant product especially that from the wet method is inferior in cooking quality. The

average Dal yield varies from 68-75 percent (theoretical value 85 percent), i.e. a net loss

of 10-17 percent during the conversion of Red gram into finished Dal by traditional

methods. In modernizing the Dal milling industry, the Central Food Technological

Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, has recommended an improved method of Dal

milling.

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Figure No. 3.1 Steps in Dal Milling

Steps of Dal Milling

Cleaning

Pre-Conditioning

Dehusking

Lump Breaking

Conditioning and Splitting

Remove all impurities i.e, dust, chaff, dirt, grits etc from Red gram grains (whole) and separate according to size. Cleaning is done in rotary seed cleaners

LSU type dryer is used to condition the clean Red gram grains. Cleaned grains are passed twice through hot air at about 1000C for a certain period of time and tempered after each pass in the tampering bins for

After preconditioning the Red gram grains are dehusked pearler or dehusker are used to dehusk the preconditioned grains and almost all the grains are dehusked in a single operation. Dehusked whole Red gram grains are separated from split Red gram and mixture of husk broken etc. the dehusked wholegrain are received in a screw conveyor where water is added at a controlled rate. The moistened gota are collected on the floor and allowed to remain as such after about half an hour.

A lump breaker is used to break the lumps formed by some of the moistened whole grains.

The dehusked whole grains after lump breaking are dried upto the proper moisture level in LSU type dryer. The hot conditioned and dried dehusked whole grains are splitted in emery roller. All the whole grains are not splitted in one pass. So grade “I” pluses dehusked whole grains and small brokens are separated from the mixture. For subsequent splitting the unsplit dehusked grains are again feed to the conditioner.

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Marketing Practices

1. Assembling:

Assembling is an important marketing function. Assembling includes the

operation of collecting Red gram produce from different villages to a central place i.e.

primary market and secondary market for its further movement to the Dal millers or the

consumers.

Major assembling markets:

Some important assembling markets of different states are as under:

1. Andhra Pradesh

Asifabad, Echoda, Kagaznagar, Adilabad, Narayanpet, Badepally, Shadnagar,

Gadwal, Alampur, Karimnagar, Jagityal, Jammikunta, Warangal, Kesamudram, Jangaon,

Mahaboobabad, Jaheerabad, Tandur, Vikarabad, Pargi, Vijayawada, Tenali, Suryapat,

Miryalaguda, Vizianagaram.

2. Karnataka

Sedam, Gulbarga, Bidar, Raichur, Yadgir, Shorapur, Basvakalyani, Bhalki,

Gadag, Holealur, Mundagi, Hubli, Ranibennur, Bangalore, Haveri, Bijapur, Chitradurga,

Chelekere, Mysore, Kollegal, Gauveri, Biddenur, Chenapatna, Arsikere, Chintamani,

Hiriyur, Devengere, Tumkur, Pavagada, Madhugiri, Sira, Bhagalkota, Badami.

3. Madhya Pradesh

Jabalpur, Shahpura, Katni, Gadarwara, Tendukheda, Chhindwara, Betul, Rewa,

Bhopal, Gairatganj, Udaipura, Khirkiya, Itarsi, Pipariya, Satna, Sidhi, Khategaon,

Kannod, Dabra, Bhind, Alampur, Lahar, Indore, Khandwa, Burhanpur, Harsud, Sagar,

Damoh, Ajaygarh, Loundi, Dewas.

4. Maharashtra

Jamkhed, Karjat, Kopargaon, Newasa, Parner, Pathardi, Rahuri, Sangamner,

Shevgaon, Shrigonda, Shrirampur, Dhule, Akole, Dondaicha, Baramati, Sangli, Solapur,

Aurangabad, Jalna, Murud, Nagpur.

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5. Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur, Varanasi, Gorakhpur, Agra, Allahabad, Hathras, Lucknow, Bahraich,

Banthra, Ballia, Robertsganj, Bareilly, Meerut, Sitapur.

Marketing Constraints:

Distress sale: Due to financial crisis, farmers are forced to sell their produce just after

harvesting. During this period, farmers get lower price due to glut in the market. The

producers cannot withhold or store their produce for some period to get better price since

the farmers have to meet urgent requirement of money.

Unstable price: Generally, the price of Red gram prevails low in the early post harvest

period due to more arrivals in the market and later on prices go up. Due to this unstable

price, the farmers get lesser price.

Lack of marketing information: Due to lack of information regarding arrivals and

prices prevailing in other markets, producers market the Red gram in the village and

nearby market at lower price, which can be avoided.

Adoption of standards: Farmers usually do not grade their produce, as a result they do

not get remunerative price in the market.

Inadequate storage facilities: Due to inadequate storage facilities in rural areas, farmers

loose a substantial quantity of their produce by way of driage, spoilage, rodents etc.

Farmers are also forced to sell their produce just after harvest due to lack of storage

facilities. Hence, rural godowns are must to avoid the sale immediately after the harvest.

Transportation facilities at producers’ level: Due to inadequate transportation facilities

at village level, producers sell their Red gram to traders directly from their farm or in the

village, which offer them lesser price than prevailing in the markets.

Training to producers: The training to producers regarding marketing of their produce

is essential. It improves their skill for better marketing of their produce.

Infrastructure facilities: Due to inadequate infrastructure facilities with producers,

traders and at market level, the marketing of Red gram is affected adversely.

Malpractices in markets: There are many malpractices prevailing in markets like excess

weighment, delay in payment, large quantity of samples from the produce, different kinds

of arbitrary deductions for religious and charitable purposes from producers, high

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commission charges, delay in weighing, and loading, unloading and weighing charges

from producers.

Superfluous middlemen: The existence of a long chain of middlemen reduces the share

of the consumer’s price received by the producer-seller.

Marketing Channels, Costs & Margins

Marketing channels:

The following are the important marketing channels for Red gram

A) Private marketing channel:

This is a traditional channel and the most common marketing channel in India. The main

private marketing channels for Red gram are as under:

1. Producer - Dal Miller -Consumer 2. Producer. Village Trader . Dal Miller. Wholesaler. Retailer. Consumer 3. Producer . Dal Miller . Retailer . Consumer 4. Producer . Wholesaler . Dal Miller . Retailer . Consumer 5. Producer . Wholesaler . Dal Miller . Wholesaler . Retailer . Consumer 6. Producer . Commission Agent . Dal Miller . Wholesaler. Retailer, Consumer

B) Institutional marketing channel:

Some institutions have been entrusted with marketing activities of Red gram like

National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation of India Limited (NAFED).

NAFED is the nodal agency for procuring Red gram for providing minimum support

prices to the farmers for their produce. The main institutional marketing channels for Red

gram are as under:

1. Producer . Procuring Agency . Dal Miller . Consumer 2. Producer . Procuring Agency . Dal Miller . Wholesaler . Retailer . Consumer 3. Producer . Procuring Agency . Dal Miller . Retailer . Consumer

Criteria for selection of channels:

1. The channel, which ensures the higher share to producer and also provides cheaper Price to consumer, is considered as the most efficient channel

2. The shorter channel having lesser market cost. 3. Avoid the longer channel with more intermediaries causing higher marketing

costs and less producers’ share. 4. S Select the channel which distributes the produce appropriately at least expenses

and secure the desired volume of disposal.

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Figure No. 3.2 Marketing Channels of Redgram

Marketing Channels of Red gram

Producer

Private Institutional

Commission Agent

Wholesaler (Red gram)

Village Trader

Procuring Agency

Dal Miller Dal Miller

Wholesaler (DAL)

Retailer

Wholesaler (DAL)

Retailer

Consumer

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Marketing costs and margins:

Marketing costs:

Marketing costs are the actual expenses incurred in bringing goods and services

from the producer to the consumers. The marketing costs normally include

• Handling charges at local points

• Assembling charges

• Transport and storage costs

• Handling charges by wholesalers and retailers

• Expenses on secondary services like financing, risk taking and market intelligence

• Profit margins taken by different agencies.

Marketing margins:

Margin refers to the difference between the price paid and received by a specific

marketing agency such as a single retailer, or by any type of marketing agency, i.e.

retailers or wholesalers or by any combination of marketing agencies in the marketing

system as a whole. The total marketing margin includes cost involved in moving the Red

gram from producer to consumer and profits of various market functionaries.

Total Marketing Margin = Cost involved in moving the Redgram from producer

to consumer + Profits of various market functionaries

The absolute value of the total marketing margin varies from market to market,

channel to channel and time to time. The marketing cost incurred by farmers and traders

at Regulated markets includes

i) Market fee, ii) Commission, iii) Taxes, and iv) other miscellaneous charges.

i) Market fee: Market fee or entry fee is collected by the market committee of the

market. It is charged either on the basis of weight or on the basis of the value of the

produce. It is usually collected from the buyers. The market fee differs from state to state.

It varies from 0.5 per cent to 2.0 per cent

ii) Commission: It is paid to the commission agent, and may be payable either by seller

or by the buyer or sometimes by both. The charge is usually made in cash and varies

considerably.

108

iii) Taxes: Different taxes are charged in different markets such as toll tax, terminal tax,

sales tax, octroi etc. These taxes leviable differ from market to market in the same state as

also from state to state. These taxes are usually payable by the seller.

iv) Miscellaneous charges: In addition to the above mentioned charges, some other

charges are levied in markets. These include handling and weighment charges (weighing,

loading, unloading, cleaning etc.), charity contribution in cash and kind, grading charges,

postage, charges payable to water man, sweeper, choukidar etc. These charges may be

payable either by the seller or by the buyers.

Grading

Grading means the sorting of the homogenous lots of the produce according to

the fixed grade standards. Produce is graded in accordance with the various quality

factors. The grading of Red gram is beneficial to the farmers, traders as well as to the

consumers. Grading of the produce before sale enables farmers to get better price for

their produce, whereas grading helps the consumers to get standard quality produce at

fair price. After grading, it is easier for the consumer to compare the prices of different

qualities of a produce in the market. There is no need of assurance about the quality of the

graded produce. Grading also reduces the cost of marketing.

In the market, the sale is generally done on the basis of visual inspection of

available sample and with local commercial name. Buyers offer price on the visual

examination of whole lot considering the quality factors like size and colour of the grains,

moisture content, refraction and admixture with other varieties. In order to ensure

remunerative price to the farmers as well as to gain the confidence of consumer, the Red

gram should be graded systematically

Grade specification

i) AGMARK

The Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937 was enacted to maintain the

quality of agricultural produce in India. The Act authorizes the Central Government to

frame rules related to the fixing of grade standards and the procedure to be adopted to

grade the agricultural commodities included in the schedules. According to this Act,

109

certain specifications for Red gram whole and split have been drawn up according to

various quality factors.

ii) Grading under NAFED

(National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation of India Limited)

NAFED is the nodal agency of the Government of India for procuring Red gram

in different states under the Price Support Scheme (PSS). The concerned State Co-

operative Marketing Federations are the procuring agents for NAFED. Only one grade

i.e. Fair Average Quality (FAQ) is prescribed every year/season for procurement of

pulses including Red gram under the Price Support Scheme. All the purchases under the

PSS by NAFED are made in accordance with these specifications.

The Government of India has prescribed only one grade i.e. Fair Average Quality

(FAQ) for procurement of pulses including Red gram under the Price Support Scheme.

iii) Grading under PFA (Prevention of Food Adulteration Act)

PFA has also prescribed the grade specification for split seeds (Dal) of Red gram.

Packaging

Packaging is an important function in the marketing of Red gram. It is a practice

to protect the produce from any damage during storage, transportation and other

marketing operations. In recent years, packaging plays an important role in marketing of

produce. The good packaging of Red gram not only facilitates convenience in

transportation and storage but also attracts consumer to pay more. The packaging reduces

the marketing cost and protects the quality.

Availability of packaging materials:

The following packaging materials are used in packaging of Red gram:

Gunny bags made up of jute are widely used by farmers and traders. As per NAFED,

packing of Red gram should be made in New B Twill (Jute) gunny bags in 100 kg net.

The main source of these bags is Directorate General of Supplies and Disposal (DGS &

D), Kolkata.

HDPE/pp bags: These bags are also used for packaging Red gram.

110

Polythne impregnated jute bags:

These are the jute bags blended with synthetics.

Poly Pouches: In recent years, Red gram is packed in poly pouches with attractive label

and brand name. Generally, these are available in 1, 2 and 5 kg. pack size.

Cloth bags: In some areas, cloth bags are also used in packing of Red gram. Generally,

Red gram used for seed purpose is packed in cloth bags.

For good packaging, the packaging must posses the following qualities:

* It must protect quality and quantity.

* It must prevent spoilage during transit and storage.

* It must tell information about quality, variety, date of packing, weight and price

etc.

* It must be convenient in handling operations.

* It must be convenient to stack.

* It must be cheap, clean and attractive.

* It must be biodegradable.

* It must be free from adverse chemicals.

* Packing materials should be useful after the first use.

Method of packing:

1. Pulses shall be packed in gunny bags/jute bags, poly woven bags, poly pouches,

cloth bags or other suitable packages which shall be clean, sound, free from

insect, fungal infestation and the packing material shall be as permitted under the

Prevention of food adulteration rules, 1955.

2. Pulses shall be packed in containers which safeguard the hygienic, nutritional and

organoleptic qualities of the products.

3. The containers, including packaging material, shall be made of substances which

are safe and suitable for their intended use. They should not impart any toxic

substance or undesirable odour or flavour to the product.

4. The net weight of the Pulses in a package shall be as per the provisions prescribed

under the Packaged Commodities Rules, 1977.

111

5. Each package shall contain pulses of the same type and of the same grade

designation.

6. Each package shall be securely closed and sealed.

Transportation:

The transportation of Red gram is mainly done by head loads, bullock or camel

cart, tractor-trolleys, trucks, railways and ships depending upon the availability of

transportation means, quantity of the produce and the stage of marketing. The most

common means of transportation used are given below.

Stage of marketing Agencies Means of transportation

From threshing floor to the village

market or primary market. Farmers

By head load, pack animal, bullock

or camel cart and tractor trolley.

From primary market to

secondary whole sale market and

miller

Traders /

millers By trucks, railways.

From wholesale markets and

miller to retailer

Millers /

retailers

By trucks, railways, mini trucks,

tractor trolley. From retailer to consumer Consumers By hand, bicycle, rickshaw.

For export and import Exporters

and

importers

By railways and ship

Availability of cheaper and convenient modes of transport:

There are different modes of transport used in Red gram transportation. Road and

Rail transport is normally used for internal markets; however, for export and import

mainly Sea transport is used. The most common modes of transportation are

1) Road transportation: Road transport is the most pre-dominant mode of transport used

in the movement of Red gram right from the producing fields to the ultimate consumer.

The following means of road transport are used in different parts of the country to

transport Red gram.

112

a. Head load b. Pack animals c. Bullock carts

d. Tractor trolley e. Trucks

2) Railways: Railway is one of the most important means of transportation of Red gram.

Railway is cheaper than road transport and it is more suitable for longer distance, as well

as for large quantity. The tariff charges for the transport of Red gram depends on

distance, quantity etc. Railway transportation requires more handling cost as it requires

loading and unloading charges and local transportation cost. Also, losses are more in case

of transport by railways.

113

3) Water transport: This is the oldest and cheapest mode of transport. It includes river

transport, canal transport and sea transport. Only small quantities are transported through

internal waterways. The export and import is mainly done by sea transport. This transport

system is slow but cheap and suitable for carrying large quantity of Red gram

Storage

The storage is an important aspect of post harvest technology because Red gram

is seasonally produced but consumed throughout the year. Therefore, the supply of Red

gram has to be maintained by proper storage throughout the year. Storage protects the

quality of grains from deterioration and helps in stabilization of prices by regularizing

demand and supply. In our country, the storage losses caused by insects, rodents and

microorganisms are maximum. Lack of storage facilities forces the farmers to sell their

produce at low price immediately after harvest. It is essential that during storage, Red

gram should remain in good condition and not undergo any deterioration due to fungal

and insect infection or attack by rodents.

Storage facilities:

i) Producers’ storage:

Producers store Red gram in various types of traditional and improved structures.

Generally, these storage structures are used for short period. Different organizations

/institutions have developed improved structures for storage with varying capacities and

shapes like Hapur kothi, Pusa kothi, Nanda bins, PKV bins. These are usually

constructed on a raised platform or plinth constructed of plastered mud brickwork, stone

114

slabs or wooden planks. Some producers also store Red gram in jute gunny bags or in

gunny bags lined with polythene stacked in the room.

ii) Rural godowns:

Considering the importance of rural storage in marketing of agricultural produce,

the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection initiated a Rural Godown Scheme, in

collaboration with NABARD and NCDC, to construct scientific storage godown with

allied facilities in rural areas and to establish a network of rural godowns in the States

and Union Territories. The main advantages of Rural Godowns Scheme are as under:

• To prevent distress sale of food grains and other agricultural commodities immediately after harvest.

• To reduce quantitative-cum-qualitative losses due to storage in sub-standard godowns.

• To reduce pressure on transport system during the post-harvest period. • To help the farmers in getting pledge loans against the stored produce.

iii) Mandi godowns:

Most of the States and Union Territories have enacted Agricultural Produce

Market (Regulation) Act. The reduction of loss of produce was aimed in the scheme of

regulated market. The regulated markets developed modern market yards with necessary

infrastructural facilities. The APMCs have constructed godowns so that the agricultural

produce brought into the market should be stored safely by market committees. The

produce is weighed in the presence of producer-seller at the time of keeping the produce

in the godowns after grading and receipt is issued indicating the quality and weight of

produce to be stored. The receipt is issued by the licensed general commission agents or

brokers depending upon the case. The CWC, SWC and Co-operative societies have also

constructed godowns in the market yards.

In most of the secondary and terminal regulated markets, central and state

warehousing corporations also provide scientific storage facilities at prescribed storage

charge and issue warehousing receipt against pledge of produce, which is a negotiable

document for obtaining finance from the Scheduled Banks.

115

iv) Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC):

CWC was established during 1957. It is one of the biggest public warehouse

operators in the country. In May 2008, CWC was operating 491 warehouses all over the

country under 26 regions, with a total storage capacity of 98.52 lakh MT. State-wise

storage capacity with CWC as on 1.5.1008 is given below:

Table No: 3.4: State-wise Number and Storage Capacity of Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) in India (As on 01.05.2008)

(Figures in Lakh MT)

Covered Capacity CAP Capacity States/UTs

No. of Warehouses Owned Hired Total

Owned

Hired

Total

Grand Total

% age Utilization

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 100

Andhra Pradesh 48 11.70 0.72 12.42 0.50 0.18 0.68 13.10 66

Assam 6 0.64 0.00 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 85

Bihar 17 0.93 0.20 1.13 0.10 0.00 0.10 1.23 77

Chandigarh 1 0.11 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.14 94

Chhattisgarh 12 1.88 0.39 2.27 0.17 0.35 0.52 2.79 105

Delhi 11 1.13 0.24 1.37 0.15 0.00 0.15 1.52 126

Goa 2 0.22 0.00 0.22 0.02 0.15 0.17 0.39 105

Gujarat 28 3.72 0.70 4.42 2.69 0.00 3.01 7.43 92

Haryana 31 3.72 1.25 4.97 0.14 0.32 0.14 5.11 68

Himachal Pradesh

3 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 68

Jharkhand 4 0.34 0.00 0.34 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.36 95

Karnataka 30 2.44 0.89 3.33 0.65 0.00 0.82 4.15 92

Kerala 10 1.19 0.10 1.29 0.00 0.17 0.00 1.29 86

Madhya Pradesh 28 4.56 0.55 5.11 0.06 0.00 0.14 5.25 94

Maharashtra 64 5.19 2.55 7.74 4.80 0.68 7.23 14.97 82

Nagaland 1 0.13 0.00 0.13 0.00 2.43 0.00 0.13 65

Orissa 10 1.56 0.02 1.58 0.00 0.00 1.52 3.10 92

Pondicherry 1 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.04 1.52 0.04 0.11 103

Punjab 27 5.66 0.68 6.34 0.66 0.00 0.66 7.00 60

Rajasthan 35 2.53 1.26 3.79 0.28 0.00 0.38 4.17 82

Tamil Nadu 25 5.43 0.16 5.59 0.66 0.10 0.69 6.28 83

Tripura 2 0.24 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.24 62

Uttar Pradesh 51 9.71 3.38 10.09 1.15 0.24 1.39 11.48 84

Uttaranchal 6 0.64 0.06 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 58

West Bengal 37 3.56 1.38 4.94 1.28 6.62 1.90 6.84 88

India 491 67.40 11.54 78.94 13.39 6.19 19.58 98.52 85

Source: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India Note: CAP: Cover and plinth

116

Graph No: 3.4: State-wise Number and Storage Capacity of Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) in India (As on 01.05.2008

Source: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India

v) State Warehousing Corporations (SWCs):

Different states have set up their own warehouses in the country. The area of

operation of the State Warehousing Corporations is district place of the state. The total

share capital of the state warehousing corporations is contributed equally by the Central

Warehousing Corporation and the concerned State Government. As on March 2008,

SWCs were operating 1574 warehouses in 17 states of the country with the total capacity

of 185.2 lakh MT. The state-wise storage capacity with SWCs as on 1-3-2008 is given

below.

State-w ise Number and Storage Capacity of Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) in India (As on 01.05.2008

148

6

17

1

12

11

2

28

31

34

30

10

2864

110

1

27

35

25

2

51

6

37

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Chandigarh

Chhattisgarh

Delhi

Goa

Gujarat

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Nagaland

Orissa

Pondicherry

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Tripura

Uttar Pradesh

Uttaranchal

West Bengal

117

Table No.3.5: State-wise storage capacity available with the State Warehousing Corporations (SWC) as on 1.3.2008

Selected State-wise Number and Storage Capacity of State Warehousing Corporation (SWC) in India (As on 01.03.2008)

(In Lakh MT)

Covered Capacity Cap

Capacity States/ UTs

No. of

Wareho

uses Owned Hired Total Owned

Grand

Total

Percentage

Utilization

Andhra Pradesh 138 5.23 17.53 22.76 0 22.76 89

Assam 44 2.09 0.45 2.54 0 2.54 567

Bihar 44 1.45 1.24 2.69 0 2.69 94

Chhattisgarh 107 5.09 2.95 8.04 0 8.04 89

Gujarat 45 1.29 0.08 1.37 0 1.37 51

Haryana 105 9.22 2.83 12.05 1.83 13.88 71

Karnataka 120 5.24 3.38 8.62 0 8.62 58

Kerala 60 1.79 0.2 1.99 0 1.99 60

Madhya Pradesh 234 11.05 0.85 11.9 0.04 11.94 72

Maharashtra 165 11.07 0.61 11.68 0 11.68 77

Meghalaya 5 0.11 0 0.11 0 0.11 86

Orissa 60 3.95 0.08 4.03 0 4.03 76

Punjab 116 24.17 26.92 51.09 0.86 51.95 78

Rajasthan 89 7.37 0.26 7.63 0 7.63 45

Tamil Nadu 61 6.05 0.29 6.34 0 6.34 84

Uttar Pradesh 151 24.54 2.94 27.48 0 27.48 94

West Bengal 30 1.37 0.8 2.17 0 2.17 69

India 1574 121.08 61.41 182.49 2.73 185.22 74

Source: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India Note: CAP: Cover and plinth

118

vi) Co-operatives:

The National Co-operative Development Corporation (NCDC) has been making

systematic and sustained efforts to assist in the construction of scientific storage facilities

at co-operative level. The NCDC has been implementing storage programme through

different schemes i.e. centrally sponsored scheme, Corporation sponsored scheme and

other internationally aided projects.

The objective of the scheme is to avoid distress sale by farmers and to make

available the farm inputs at a reasonable price. Up to 31-03-2008, storage capacity of

148.67 lakh tonnes has been established by NCDC.

Graph No.3.5: State-wise storage capacity available with the State Warehousing Corporations (SWC) as on 1.3.2008

Source: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India

State-wise storage capacity available with the State Warehousing Corporations (SWC) as on 1.3.2008

138

44

44

107

45

105

120

60

234

165

5

60

116

89

61

151

30

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Chhattisgarh

Gujarat

Haryana

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Meghalaya

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

West Bengal

119

Table No 3.6: State-wise Cooperative Godowns of India as on 31.3.2008

Number State / UT’s

Rural Marketing

Capacity Tonne

Andhra Pradesh 4003 571 690470

Arunachal Pradesh 5 7 3250

Assam 770 265 299550

Bihar 2455 496 557600

Chhattisgarh 78 120 349800

Delhi - - -

Gujarat 1819 424 457950

Haryana 1454 377 697960

Himachal Pradesh 1642 210 205550

Jammu & Kashmir 133 45 23200

Jharkhand 139 - 13900

Karnataka 5000 935 977965

Kerala 2033 139 337375

Madhya Pradesh 5179 1105 1367885

Maharshtra 3855 1512 2111920

Manipur 158 18 26130

Meghalaya 90 59 35500

Mizoram 107 5 10065

Nagaland 112 14 15700

Orissa 1951 595 486780

Punjab 3884 830 1986690

Rajasthan 4645 414 543020

Sikkim - - -

Tripura 186 19 24185

Tamil Nadu 4759 409 975528

Uttar Pradesh 9280 794 2055950

West Bengal 2834 469 483560

Union Territories 1 5 11000

Uttaranchal 60 35 78700

National Level Federations - 8 30200

NCCF - 1 10000

India 56632 9881 14867383

Source: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Govt. of India

120

State-wise Cooperative Godowns of India as on 31.3.2008

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

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Aruna

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Graph No 3.6: State-wise Cooperative Godowns of India as on 31.3.2008

Pledge Finance System:

Micro level studies indicate that distress sale by the small farmers account for

about 50% of the marketable surplus. The farmers are often compelled to sell their

produce immediately after harvest when the prices are low. To avoid such distress sale,

Government of India, promoted Pledge Finance Scheme through a network of rural

godowns and negotiable warehouse receipt system. Through this scheme, small and

marginal farmers can get immediate financial support to meet their requirements and

retain the produce till they get remunerative price.

According to the RBI guidelines, under this scheme loan/advances up to 75

percent of the value of the produce kept in the godowns can be given to farmers against

121

pledge/hypothecation of agricultural produce (including warehouse receipts) subject to a

ceiling of Rs. 1 lakh per borrower.

Such loan is given for a period of 6 months, which can be extended up to 12

months based on financing banks commercial judgment. The commercial banks/co-

operative banks/RRBs provide credit to the farmers for the produce stored in the

godowns under this scheme. The banking institutions accept the godowns receipt on its

being duly endorsed and delivered to bank for pledge loan against hypothecation of

produce as per RBI guidelines. Farmers are given freedom to take back their produce

once the pledge loan is repaid. Facility of pledge finance is extended to all farmers,

whether they are the borrowing members of 29

Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) or not and the District Central

Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) can directly finance individual farmers on the strength of the

pledge.

Benefits:

1. This increases the retention capacity of the small farmers, which consequently

also enable the farmers to avoid distress sale.

2. This minimizes the farmers’ dependence on the commission agents as the pledge

finance provides financial support to them immediately after harvest period.

3. Participation of the farmers, irrespective of their land holding size, increases the

arrivals in market yards throughout the year.

4. This gives a sense of security to the farmers even if their produce is not sold out

in the market yard immediately.

Establishment of KTAML

The Karnataka Togari Abhivrudhi Mandali Limited Gulbarga was started in the

year 13th May 2002. The Board was registered under the Companies Act 1956.

1) Trainings:

In the year 2007-08 the Board conducted 13 pre seasonal training programmes

successfully 9 in Gulbarga and 4 in Bidar districts. For other trainings the board given

122

training programme to Districts Agriculture Training Centre (DATC) Kotnoor, Gulbarga

and the DATC conducted 28 farmer training programmes on post harvest technology on

Tur and 9 trainings programmes on organic farming in Gulbarga districts.

2) Propaganda:

The Karnataka Togari Abhivrudhi Mandali Limited in its activities printed 3600

leaflets and 27 charts on detailed information about Tur. For fanners benefits these

leaflets and charts given to Raith Samparka Kendra (RSK), Gulbarga and 1600 leaflets

and 12 charts to Bidar districts.

3) Seed Production:

The Managing Director informed the Board that during the year the Mandali had

purchased 200 kgs of breeder seeds from the Agriculture University and supplied to 6

growers in Kamalapura, Chittapura, Sedam, Aland and Afzalpur talukas, for seed

production in 40 acres.

The Board after discussion decided that the seeds produced by the farmers to who

seed was given be procured at the rate fixed by M/s. Karnataka State Seed Corporation

Ltd., and sell at the selling rate fixed by the said corporation.

4) Exhibition:

a) 2007-08 in Mysore Dasara Exhibition: Karnataka Togari Abhivrudhi Mandali

Limited opened the stall for one month there it present the different charts

regarding Tur and functions of Karnataka Togari Abhivrudhi Mandali Limited and

also sold the books on improved package and practices of Tur in Dasara

Exhibition.

b) In 2007-08 University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and Agricultural

research Station Gulbarga, jointly organized Krishimela in Gulbarga. In this

Krishimela Karnataka Togari Abhivrudhi Mandali Limited opened the stall and

present its functions, shown different charts and also sold books on improved

package and practices of tur "in Krishimela.

123

Establishing Tur Processing Plant at Gulbarga:

Karnataka State Agricultural Produce Processing and Export Corporation Limited

and Karnataka Togari Abhivrudhi Mandali Limited jointly Establishing Tur Processing

Plant at Gulbarga with amount of Rs. 25.38 crores and capacity of 100 MT per day.

Table No. 3.7: Purchase of Tur through MSP (Minimum Support Price) by the Farmers in Gulbarga

MSP Fixed by

Board Purchased (qtl)

Sl. No Year MSP

Grade

"A"

Grade

“B”

From

Board

Circulation

Fund

Total

Purchase

1 2002-03 1320 1650 1600 667.00 667.00

2 2003-04 1360 No declaration of MSP

3 2004-05 1390 1740 1690 22909.59 34579.83 57489.69

4 2005-06 1400 1750 1700 18811.92 48873.42 67685.34

5 2006-07 1410 1800 1720 60945 130524 60945

Total 103333.51 213977.52 186787.03

Source: Tur Board, Gulbarga

Table No. 3.8: Marketing of Tur from KTAML

Sl. No Year Qty Marketed Amount (in crores)

1 2003-04 667.00 0.12

2 2005-06 54107.46 10.32

3 2006-07 71067.57 13.39

4 2008-09 60.00 0.0156

Total 125902.03 23.8456

Source: Tur Board, Gulbarga

124

Purchase of Tur during 2007-08:

Tur board decided to enter the market to buy Tur at the support price as per

Mandali's Notification (III) (A) (1) and B (1) that would help stabilization of price in the

market and ensure remunerative price to the farmers for their produce.

The Board after discussion decided to enter the market stage by stage as an

intermediary and authorized the Managing Director to initiate action to open in all 25

procurement centers - 19 in Gulbarga district and 6 Bidar district. While in the last year

the Board at its 27lh meeting held on 15-11 -2006 the procurement was fixed at Rs.

1800/-per quintal (minimum support price (MSP) of Rs.1410 per quintal fixed by the

Central Government plus Rs.390/-) for Grade I and Rs. 1720/- per quintal for Grade II

(MSP of Rs.1410 plus Rs.310/-)

Taking the above as basis the Board announced the procurement rate for 2007-08

at Rs. 2160/- per quintal for Grade I (MSP of Rs. 1590 plus Rs.570) and Rs.2080/- per

quintal for Grade II (MSP of Rs. 1590 plus Rs.490/)

The Board decided to open 25 Procurement centers out of which 19 in Gulbarga

and 6 in Bidar districts for the benefits of farmers.