Chapter 3: Acids and Bases 3.1 Introduction to Brønsted- Lowry Acids and Bases Arrhenius definition Acid - substance that ionizes to give a proton (H + ) when dissolved in water Base - substance that ionizes to give hydroxide (HO - ) when dissolved in water Bronsted-Lowry definition Acid - proton donor Base - proton acceptor B: + H–A + B–H + :A – base acid conjugate conjugate acid base H 2 O: + H–Cl H 2 O–H + :Cl – hydronium ion + 43 B: + H–A + B–H + :A – base acid H 2 O: + H–Cl H 2 O–H + :Cl – + 3.2 Flow of Electron Density: Curved- Arrow Notation 44 22
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Chapter 3: Acids and Bases 3.1 Introduction to Brønsted ... · Chapter 3: Acids and Bases 3.1 Introduction to Brønsted- Lowry Acids and Bases Arrhenius definition Acid - substance
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Chapter 3: Acids and Bases 3.1 Introduction to Brønsted- Lowry Acids and Bases Arrhenius definition
Acid - substance that ionizes to give a proton (H+) when dissolved in water Base - substance that ionizes to give hydroxide (HO-) when dissolved in water
Bronsted-Lowry definition Acid - proton donor Base - proton acceptor
B: + H–A +B–H + :A– base acid conjugate conjugate
acid base
H2O: + H–Cl H2O–H + :Cl– hydronium
ion
+
43
B: + H–A +B–H + :A– base acid
H2O: + H–Cl H2O–H + :Cl– +
3.2 Flow of Electron Density: Curved- Arrow Notation
H–A H+ + :A– The acidity of an acid H-A is reflective of the stability of the conjugate base A–. Consider the atom bearing the negative charge. The ability of an atom to stabilize negative charge increases across a row (from left to right), and down a period.
H–F H–Cl H–Br H–I pKa 3.1 -3.9 -5.8 -10.4
H–CH3 H–NH2 H–OH H–F
pKa ~50 38 5.7 3.1
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Resonance. Resonance delocalization of negative charge is stabilizing. Inductive effects. Electron withdrawing groups can stabilize negative charge.
H3C H2C O H + H2O H3C H2C O + H3O
H3C CO
O H+ H2O H3C C
O
O+ H3O
pKa ~4.7
pKa ~16
H3C H2C O HpKa ~16
F3C H2C O HpKa ~11.3
H3C CO
O HpKa ~4.7
F3C CO
O HpKa ~0.5
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Orbitals that holds the electron pair. Orbitals with greater S-character are better able to stabilized the negative charge.
sp > sp2 > sp3
C C
H
H H
H
HC C H H3C CH2 H
pKa 25 44 ~50
3.5 Position of Equilibrium and Choice of Reagents (Please read) 3.6. The Leveling Effect (Please read)
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3.7 Solvating Effects. The efficiency by which H2O can solvate H+ and A– can affect the pKa of H–A 3.8 Counterions (please read) 3.9 Lewis Acids and Bases
Acid - an electron pair acceptor Base - an electron pair donor.
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Chapter 4: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes 4.1 Introduction to alkanes Hydrocarbon: molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen
1. Aliphatic – open chain hydrocarbons a. alkanes - contain C-C single bonds - CnH(2n+2) b. alkenes - contain C=C double bonds - CnH(2n) c. alkynes - contain CΞC triple bonds - CnH(2n-2)
2. Cycloalkanes - CnH(2n)
3. Arenes (aromatics) - cyclic hydrocarbons with alternating C-C single and double bonds