Chapter 3

Sections 1, 2, 3 & 4

Chapter 3

Indo-Europeans migrate into Europe, India, and Southwest Asia and Interact with peoples living there.

Chapter 3, Section 1 The Indo-Europeans

Characteristics of Indo-EuropeansIndo-Europeans – nomadic pastoral people;

tamed horses, rode chariotsMay have come from the steppes – dry

grasslands north of the Caucasus mountainsThe Indo-European Language Family

Language ancestral to many modern languages of Europe and Asia

English, Spanish, Persian, Hindu trace origins to original Indo-European

Language groups settled in different areas

Indo-Europeans Migrate

Indo-Europeans MigrateAn Unexplained Migration (Migrated, moved in all directions.

The Hittite ArrivalHittites – a group of Indo-European speakersTake control of Anatolia (Asia Minor) around 2000 B.C.City-States join to form empire; dominate Southwest

Asia fro 450 yearsHittites Adopt and Adapt

Borrowed ideas from Mesopotamian culture; adopted Babylonian language

Chariots and Iron TechnologyHittites skilled in war; spread iron technology by trade

and conquestEmpire falls around 1190 B.C. after attacks from

northern tribes

The Hittite Empire

The Aryan PeopleAryans – Indo-European people, enter Indus

River Valley before 2000 B.C.Sacred writings the Vedas, reveal much of their

culture

Aryans Transform India

A Caste System DevelopsAryans physically distinct from people of IndiaFour castes, or groups based on occupation,

develop:Brahmins (priests)WarriorsTraders and landownersPeasantsPeople are born into their caste for lifeHundreds of subgroups arise later

Aryans Transform India

The Aryan Caste System

Aryan Kingdoms AriseAryans extend

settlements to other river valleys

Small kingdoms ariseMagadha kingdom

unites all and spreads across India by 100 B. C.

Epic Mahabharata reflects struggles in India as Aryan kings worked to control Indian lands

Aryans Transform India

The Buddhists believe that desire causes suffering. Do you agree or disagree with that idea?

The beliefs of the Vedic Age develop into Hinduism and Buddhism

Hinduism and Buddhism Develop

Hinduism Changes and DevelopsOver last 2,500 years different

forms of gods grow in importance

Today, Hindus choose own path to moksha – a state of perfect understanding

Hinduism and SocietyHinduism strengthened the

caste system

Hinduism Evolves Over Centuries

Siddhartha GautamaFound of Buddhism; priests prophesized his

greatnessSiddhartha’s Quest

Raised in isolation, Siddhartha Gautama wants to learn about world

Seeks enlightenment (wisdom), how to escape human suffering

Tries many methods; gains enlightenment by meditating

Becomes the Buddha, the “enlightened one”

The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

Origins and BeliefsBuddha begins to teach followersPreaches Four Noble truths – basic philosophy

of BuddhismFourth Noble Truth is to follow the Eightfold

Path to achieve nirvanaNirvana

A perfect state of understandingA release from selfishness and painA break from the chain of reincarnation, rebirthsBuddha rejects caste system and multiple gods of

Hinduism

The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

The Religious CommunitySome followers devote lives to religion, become

monks and nunsThree bases of Buddhism: Buddha, religious

community, teachingsBuddhism and Society

Many followers at first among poor and lower caste

Monks and nuns spread Buddha’s teachingsTeachings written to become sacred literature

The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

Great Buddha Statue, India

Buddhism in IndiaSpreads to other parts of AsiaNever gains firm hold in India;

Hinduism remains strongBuddhist pilgrims often visit

India

Trade and the Spread of BuddhismBuddhism spreads by traders

to:Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand,

SumatraChina, Korea, Japan

The Buddha Seeks Enlightenment

Buddhism376 Million Followers4th largest religion

HinduismOldest organized religion3rd largest religion950 million followers – 14% of world’s

populationDominate in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka

Buddhism vs. Hinduism

Hinduism BuddhismFounder/Origin Collection of religious

beliefs that developed over time; no founder

Siddhartha “Buddha”

Who believers worship

3 main gods; Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

Do not worship a god

Leader Guru, Brahmin priest Buddhists monks and nuns

Sacred texts Vedas Verses of Righteousness

Basic beliefs ●Reincarnation●Karma●Goal: Moksha (perfect understanding)

●4 Noble Truths●Eightfold Path●Goal: Nirvana●Reincarnation

Attitude toward Caste system

Strengthened Rejected

MINOANS Culture influenced

GreeceExported their art &

culturePainted pottery

Seafaring Traders

Knossos, Minoan capitalAdvanced & thriving cultureArt provided a great deal about their culture:

graceful, athletic people.Three important features:

Importance of tradingTheir art and architectureHigh position of women

Minoans

Minoan cities had no fortifications

They were a peaceful, not warlike people, lived during a time of peace

Remains of wall paintings, seals, and fine painted pottery

Minoans had some form of government and a culture that created and appreciated fine arts

Many works of Minoan art depict women as major goddesses and priestesses

Women held a high rank in Minoan society; Minoans practiced organized religion

Minoans sacrificed bulls to their gods and enjoyed the sport of bull-leaping

The bull had special significance in Minoan history and culture

Seafaring Traders - Minoans

1100 b.c. – most powerful traders along the Mediterranean

Never united into a countryFounded a number of

wealthy city-states around the Mediterranean Sidon Tyre Byblos

Advantage of being a collection of city-states (hard for invaders to control Phoenicia)

Phoenicians – best seaman and shipbuilders of the ancient world!

Phoenicians put colonies all along the Mediterranean coast.

Colonies were 30 miles apart (about the distance a Phoenician ship could sail in a day.

Greatest Phoenician colony was Carthage!!!!Carthage will later become a major power in

the Mediterranean world.

Phoenician Colonies

Phoenician Trade

The Phoenicians traveled in their ships to every shore of the Mediterranean, where they traded all sorts of products and founded many new cities (colonies).

First Mediterranean people to venture beyond the Strait of Gibraltar.

Remarkable shipbuilders & seafarers

Phoenicians were the 1st Mediterranean people to sail beyond the straits of Gibraltar, possibly even around Africa by way of Red Sea

They were skilled shipbuilders and sailors

They worked in wood, metal, glass, and ivory and produced red-purple dye from snails in the waters off the city-states of Sidon and Tyre

Were resourceful and skilled artisans

Some similarities among Phoenician, Greek, and modern-day alphabets

Phoenician traders spread their alphabet system to the peoples with whom they traded

Seafaring Traders - Phoenicians

Phoenicia’s Great Legacy: The Alphabet

As merchants, they needed a way to record transactions – so they developed a writing system

They used symbols to stand for the sounds of consonants.

Their system was PHONETIC – one sign was used for one sound

As they traveled they introduce writing system.Greeks adopt the Phoenician alphabet and

change the form of some lettersContribution: SIMPLIFIED ALPHABET =

LEARNING ACCESSIBLE TO MORE PEOPLE

The Alphabet

After Crete’s decline, the most powerful traders along the Mediterranean were Phoenicians

Popular Phoenician trade items included:PapyrusPurple Dye (Highly valued) FAMOUSCedar

The Phoenician writing system was based onPhonetics

The greatest Phoenician colony wasCarthage

Trading with the Phoenicians

The Hebrews maintain monotheistic religious beliefs that were unique in the ancient world.

The Origins of Judaism

Ancient PalestinePalestine was a region on the eastern shores of

the MediterraneanHebrew people settled in Canaan, land

promised to them by God

The Search for a Promised Land

From Ur to EgyptTorah, first 5 books of

Hebrew Bible, tells early history of Hebrews

In Torah, God chose Abraham, a shepherd, to be father of Hebrew people

Abraham moves family and herds from Ur to Canaan around 1800 B.C.

Around 1650 B.C. Abraham’s descendants move to Egypt

The Search for a Promised Land

The God of AbrahamHebrews are monotheists, believing in one God

only – YahwehYahweh is all powerful, not a physical beingA mutual promise, covenant, is made between

God and AbrahamAbraham promises to obey God, Yahweh

promises protection

The Search for a Promised Land

Hebrews Migrate to EgyptAt first Hebrews are honored

in Egyptian kingdom; later become slaves

“Let My People Go”Hebrews flee Egypt between

1300 and 1200 B.C.Bible tells of God’s command

that Moses lead this “Exodus”

A New CovenantMoses receives Ten

Commandments – becomes basis of Hebrew law

Moses and the Exodus

The Land and the People of the BibleTorah tells of Hebrews wandering Sinai Desert

for 40 yearsArrive in Canaan, form twelve tribes; judges

provide leadershipHebrew Law

Women and men have separate roles, responsibilities

Law includes strict justice softened by mercyProphets arise later to interpret the lawThey teach people to live moral lives

Moses and the Exodus

CanaanLand that Hebrews believe God promised themCanaan land is harsh; Hebrews expand south and

north

Saul and David Establish a KingdomHebrew threatened by Philistines to the NorthOnly one tribe remains, Judah: Hebrew religion

called JudaismFrom 1020 to 922 B.C. Hebrews (Jews) unite; new

kingdom called IsraelKing David establishes Jerusalem as capital

The Kingdom of Israel

Saul – Drives out the Philistines

David – United the tribes and established Jerusalem as the capital, founded a dynasty

Solomon – Most powerful of Hebrew KingsTrading empireExtensive building programSolomon’s Temple – permanent home of the

Ark of the Covenant (contained the tablets of Moses’ law)

Saul, David & Solomon

Solomon Builds the Kingdom David’s son Solomon

becomes king; makes Israel a trading empire

He builds a magnificent temple and royal palace in Jerusalem

The Kingdom High taxes and forced labor

lead Jews in north to revolt By 922 B.C. kingdom divides

in two – Israel in north, Judah in South

200 years of conflict follow

The Kingdom of Israel

A Conquered PeopleIn 738 B.C. Israel and Judah pay tribute

(money for peace) to AssyriaBy 722 B.C. Assyrians conquer IsraelIn 586 B.C. Babylonians conquer Judah,

destroy Solomon’s TempleMany surviving Jews exiled to BabylonIn 539 B.C. Persians conquer Babylon; 40,000

Jews return to JerusalemTemple and walls rebuilt; land later ruled by

Persians, Greeks, Romans

The Babylonian Captivity

How does the history of Judaism help to explain the importance of the land known as Canaan or Israel to the Jewish people?

Extended Response