Chapter 28 Cold War and a New Western World (1945-1973)

Chapter 28Chapter 28

Cold War and a New Western Cold War and a New Western WorldWorld

(1945-1973)(1945-1973)

Confrontation of the Super PowersConfrontation of the Super PowersUSSR needed to feel secure on their western borderUSSR needed to feel secure on their western border– not willing to give up advantages gained in eastern Europenot willing to give up advantages gained in eastern Europe

USA not willing to give up power or prestige gained after role in WWIIUSA not willing to give up power or prestige gained after role in WWII1945-49 a series of events led the two countries into a continuous 1945-49 a series of events led the two countries into a continuous conflict based on mutual fear & competitionconflict based on mutual fear & competitionDisagreement over Eastern Europe – Stalin would not allow eastern Disagreement over Eastern Europe – Stalin would not allow eastern European countries freedom to establish democratic govts because European countries freedom to establish democratic govts because they would be “anti-soviet”they would be “anti-soviet”Truman Doctrine (1946) Truman Doctrine (1946) – the United States would give money to any country that said it was the United States would give money to any country that said it was

threatened by communismthreatened by communism– 1947 – Truman requested $400 million in aid for Greece & Turkey1947 – Truman requested $400 million in aid for Greece & Turkey

The Marshall Plan (1947)The Marshall Plan (1947)– Intended to rebuild stability & prosperity in EuropeIntended to rebuild stability & prosperity in Europe– $13 billion for economic recovery (excluded Soviet Union)$13 billion for economic recovery (excluded Soviet Union)– Underlying belief was that communism fed off of economic turmoilUnderlying belief was that communism fed off of economic turmoil– Marshall Plan pushed Stalin to safeguard Soviet interests more Marshall Plan pushed Stalin to safeguard Soviet interests more

enthusiasticallyenthusiastically

American Containment PolicyAmerican Containment Policy– by end of WWII, Americans favored quick end to involvement in by end of WWII, Americans favored quick end to involvement in

European affairsEuropean affairs– fear of Soviet motives led to increased role in Europefear of Soviet motives led to increased role in Europe– July 1947 – George Kennan advocated a policy of containment to keep July 1947 – George Kennan advocated a policy of containment to keep

communism from spreadingcommunism from spreading– After Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948, containment of the Soviet Union After Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948, containment of the Soviet Union

became formal American policybecame formal American policy

Contention over GermanyContention over Germany– Besides denazification and partitioning of Germany into four occupied Besides denazification and partitioning of Germany into four occupied

zones, Allies agreed on very littlezones, Allies agreed on very little– Soviet Union (hit hardest by WWII) took reparations in the form of bootySoviet Union (hit hardest by WWII) took reparations in the form of booty– Dismantled & moved 380 factories into USSR before giving over control Dismantled & moved 380 factories into USSR before giving over control

of West Berlin to Alliesof West Berlin to Allies– USSR started blockade of West Berlin in hopes of keeping allies from USSR started blockade of West Berlin in hopes of keeping allies from

creating separate West German govtcreating separate West German govt– Solution: Berlin Air Lift, at peak 13,000 tons of supplies flown into WB a Solution: Berlin Air Lift, at peak 13,000 tons of supplies flown into WB a

dayday– Increases tensions, caused formation of German Federal Republic (West Increases tensions, caused formation of German Federal Republic (West

Germany) & German Democratic Republic (East Germany)Germany) & German Democratic Republic (East Germany)– Berlin remained divided as well even though it existed in East GermanyBerlin remained divided as well even though it existed in East Germany

Globalization of the Cold WarGlobalization of the Cold War1949 - Soviets detonate 11949 - Soviets detonate 1stst atomic bomb atomic bomb

Arms race begins, as does policy of mutual deterrenceArms race begins, as does policy of mutual deterrence– Belief that if one country launched its nuclear weapons, the other country Belief that if one country launched its nuclear weapons, the other country

would still be able to respond & devastate the attackerwould still be able to respond & devastate the attacker– Assumption is that neither side would risk an attack for fear of Assumption is that neither side would risk an attack for fear of

counterattack counterattack

Uncertainty around the world led to formation of military alliancesUncertainty around the world led to formation of military alliances– 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed (Belgium, 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed (Belgium,

Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, & United States)Norway, Portugal, & United States)

– 1955: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, 1955: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania & Soviet Union form the Warsaw PactPoland, Romania & Soviet Union form the Warsaw Pact

Chinese Communists won the Chinese civil war in 1949Chinese Communists won the Chinese civil war in 1949– increased American fear of spreading communism would make increased American fear of spreading communism would make

containment more importantcontainment more important– Shortly thereafter, the Korean War turned the Cold War into a worldwide Shortly thereafter, the Korean War turned the Cold War into a worldwide

strugglestruggle

Korean WarKorean Warliberated from Japan in 1945, split liberated from Japan in 1945, split in halfin half– Democratic People’s Republic of Democratic People’s Republic of

Korea (North Korea) supported by Korea (North Korea) supported by Soviet UnionSoviet Union

– The Republic of Korea (South The Republic of Korea (South Korea) received aid from USKorea) received aid from US

6/25/50 – North Korea invades 6/25/50 – North Korea invades South w/ apparent approval of South w/ apparent approval of StalinStalin– Seen as Communist aggression, Seen as Communist aggression,

US gains UN support & sends US gains UN support & sends troops to turn back invasiontroops to turn back invasion

By Sept., Gen. Douglas MacArthur By Sept., Gen. Douglas MacArthur marched across the 38marched across the 38thth Parallel w/ Parallel w/ intention of unifying Korea under a intention of unifying Korea under a non-communist govt. non-communist govt. Communist China sent troops into Communist China sent troops into N.Korea for support N.Korea for support Fighting continues until 1953, no Fighting continues until 1953, no clear victory – 38clear victory – 38thth Parallel set as Parallel set as boundaryboundary

By 1955, the US found itself allied w/ 42 countries world-wideBy 1955, the US found itself allied w/ 42 countries world-wide1953 – hope of a peaceful future appeared when Stalin died, but new 1953 – hope of a peaceful future appeared when Stalin died, but new Soviet leadership was no more flexible than Stalin had beenSoviet leadership was no more flexible than Stalin had beenAug 1957 – USSR launches first ICBM & shortly thereafter Sputnik I Aug 1957 – USSR launches first ICBM & shortly thereafter Sputnik I (first space satellite)(first space satellite)– Causes fear of a “missile gap” w/ USSR; arms race escalatesCauses fear of a “missile gap” w/ USSR; arms race escalates

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev tries to use routes into Berlin Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev tries to use routes into Berlin several times to bully the West into withdrawing from the cityseveral times to bully the West into withdrawing from the cityAug 1961 – East German workers begin construction on the Berlin Aug 1961 – East German workers begin construction on the Berlin Wall to keep East Germans from escaping to West BerlinWall to keep East Germans from escaping to West Berlin– More than 100 miles of wall, made Berlin symbol of a divided EuropeMore than 100 miles of wall, made Berlin symbol of a divided Europe

Khrushchev, seeking a foreign policy victory, set his sights on CubaKhrushchev, seeking a foreign policy victory, set his sights on CubaThe Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

1959 – left wing revolutionary, Fidel Castro overthrows the Cuban 1959 – left wing revolutionary, Fidel Castro overthrows the Cuban dictator & establishes a Soviet-supported regimedictator & establishes a Soviet-supported regime1961 – Bay of Pigs fiasco – US supported attempt to invade Cuba 1961 – Bay of Pigs fiasco – US supported attempt to invade Cuba (utter failure)(utter failure)1962 – USSR stations missiles on Cuba (90 mi. from Florida)1962 – USSR stations missiles on Cuba (90 mi. from Florida)US blockades Cuba to prevent missiles from arrivingUS blockades Cuba to prevent missiles from arrivingEventually, Khrushchev agreed to abort the missile placement Eventually, Khrushchev agreed to abort the missile placement – no one realized how close the world came to nuclear warno one realized how close the world came to nuclear war

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam WarBy the end of the Cuban crisis the US had By the end of the Cuban crisis the US had been pulled into another conflict in Asiabeen pulled into another conflict in Asia1954 – Vietnamese forces overthrow their 1954 – Vietnamese forces overthrow their French colonial mastersFrench colonial masters– Ho Chi Mihn received Soviet aid in North Ho Chi Mihn received Soviet aid in North

Vietnam, while US sponsored a pro-West Vietnam, while US sponsored a pro-West regime in South Vietnamregime in South Vietnam

– US supported Ngo Dinh Diem, who was US supported Ngo Dinh Diem, who was corrupt & unable to gain support in the corrupt & unable to gain support in the southsouth

– Undermined the ability of the govt to deal Undermined the ability of the govt to deal w/ the Vietcong (N.V. supporters in the w/ the Vietcong (N.V. supporters in the south)south)

1963 – US supported a coup that overthrew 1963 – US supported a coup that overthrew Diem, but new regime even less capableDiem, but new regime even less capable1964 – Pres Johnson increased flow of US 1964 – Pres Johnson increased flow of US troops into country to keep Communist N.V. troops into country to keep Communist N.V. from uniting the countryfrom uniting the country– Seen as a “must win” by U.S., otherwise a Seen as a “must win” by U.S., otherwise a

domino effect would occurdomino effect would occur

Massive superiority in equipment proved useless against NVA & Massive superiority in equipment proved useless against NVA & especially Vietcongespecially Vietcong– Many S.V. opposed their govt & aided VietcongMany S.V. opposed their govt & aided Vietcong

1967 - anti-war protests become common as US escalates war effort1967 - anti-war protests become common as US escalates war effortIncreasing brutalization of the war brought home on American Increasing brutalization of the war brought home on American television every night (turned public opinion against war effort)television every night (turned public opinion against war effort)1973 – Richard Nixon reaches an agreement w/ N.Vietnam to allow 1973 – Richard Nixon reaches an agreement w/ N.Vietnam to allow the US to withdraw its troopsthe US to withdraw its troops– Nixon resigns, Gerald Ford becomes President, 1974Nixon resigns, Gerald Ford becomes President, 1974

By 1975, Vietnam forcibly reunited under Communist NorthBy 1975, Vietnam forcibly reunited under Communist NorthMajor reason that South Vietnam was lost because the U.S. failed to Major reason that South Vietnam was lost because the U.S. failed to keep promises after withdrawingkeep promises after withdrawing

Myths of VietnamMyths of VietnamWe didn’t “jump in” – 20 yrs, 4 presidents (Kennedy – Ford)We didn’t “jump in” – 20 yrs, 4 presidents (Kennedy – Ford)Public support never dropped below 50%Public support never dropped below 50%Poor & black did not serve in disproportionate numbersPoor & black did not serve in disproportionate numbersMost college students were not activistsMost college students were not activistsDespite media coverage, no one knew what was going on until NixonDespite media coverage, no one knew what was going on until Nixon

Europe and the World: DecolonizationEurope and the World: DecolonizationAfricaAfrica

After WWII, Europeans realized that After WWII, Europeans realized that colonial rule in Africa would have to colonial rule in Africa would have to endend– Colonial masters had done little to Colonial masters had done little to

help Africans prepare for self-rulehelp Africans prepare for self-rule

1922 – Egypt gained independence1922 – Egypt gained independence– 1952 – established independent 1952 – established independent

republicrepublic

1956 - Morocco & Tunisia gained 1956 - Morocco & Tunisia gained independence from Franceindependence from France1962 – Algeria finally gains 1962 – Algeria finally gains independenceindependenceBy late 1960’s only parts of South By late 1960’s only parts of South Africa & Portuguese holdings in Africa & Portuguese holdings in Mozambique & Angola still held by Mozambique & Angola still held by EuropeansEuropeansPortuguese finally gave up colonies in Portuguese finally gave up colonies in 1970’s1970’s

Conflict in the Middle EastConflict in the Middle EastBy the end of WWII most of the Middle East By the end of WWII most of the Middle East was independentwas independentMarch 1948 – United Nations divided Palestine March 1948 – United Nations divided Palestine into a Jewish state & and Arab stateinto a Jewish state & and Arab state– The state of Israel is formed 5/14/48The state of Israel is formed 5/14/48– 90% of Palestine was Muslim90% of Palestine was Muslim– Several Arab countries tried to invade Israel, Several Arab countries tried to invade Israel,

failed and refused to acknowledge its existecefailed and refused to acknowledge its existece

Arab leaders met in Jerusalem in 1964 & Arab leaders met in Jerusalem in 1964 & formed the Palestine Liberation Organization formed the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)(PLO)– Led by Yasir Arafat, began launching terrorist Led by Yasir Arafat, began launching terrorist

attacks in Israeli territoryattacks in Israeli territory– Attacks led Israel to raid PLO bases in Jordan Attacks led Israel to raid PLO bases in Jordan

(1966)(1966)– 1973 – Egyptians launch air & artillery raids on 1973 – Egyptians launch air & artillery raids on

Israeli positions in SinaiIsraeli positions in Sinai– Cease-fire ended the fighting in 1974, but Cease-fire ended the fighting in 1974, but

tensions remained hightensions remained high

Recovery and Renewal in EuropeRecovery and Renewal in EuropeThe Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union

Nikita Khrushchev emerged as chief policy maker of Soviet Union after Nikita Khrushchev emerged as chief policy maker of Soviet Union after death of Stalindeath of StalinKhrushchev publicly condemned Stalin of “violence, repression, & terror” Khrushchev publicly condemned Stalin of “violence, repression, & terror” in 1956 in 1956– Revelations sparked a spirit of rebellion in Soviet satellites in EuropeRevelations sparked a spirit of rebellion in Soviet satellites in Europe– Ended the forced-labor campsEnded the forced-labor camps– began decentralizing the government that had formed under Stalinbegan decentralizing the government that had formed under Stalin

Economically – tried to place more emphasis on light industry & Economically – tried to place more emphasis on light industry & consumer goodsconsumer goodsHis personality & foreign policy failures did little to endear himself to His personality & foreign policy failures did little to endear himself to othersothers– 1964 – Khrushchev voted out by Politburo & replaced by Leonid Brezhnev1964 – Khrushchev voted out by Politburo & replaced by Leonid Brezhnev

FranceFranceCharles de Gaulle became president in 1958, tried to form France into a Charles de Gaulle became president in 1958, tried to form France into a world powerworld powerEconomic problems caused much dissatisfaction w/ his presidency, Economic problems caused much dissatisfaction w/ his presidency, forced to resign in 1969, died 1970 forced to resign in 1969, died 1970

West GermanyWest GermanyKonrad Aenauer served as chancellor from 1949-1963Konrad Aenauer served as chancellor from 1949-19631955 – West Germany rearmed & became a member of NATO1955 – West Germany rearmed & became a member of NATOAlthough West Germany had 75% of population & 52% of the territory Although West Germany had 75% of population & 52% of the territory of pre-war Germany, the GNP was higher than that of pre-war Germanyof pre-war Germany, the GNP was higher than that of pre-war GermanySurviving Nazi leaders were placed on trial in Nuremberg (1945-46), by Surviving Nazi leaders were placed on trial in Nuremberg (1945-46), by 1950, German courts began to take over war crime cases1950, German courts began to take over war crime cases

Great BritainGreat BritainMassive economic problems after WWIIMassive economic problems after WWIIEstablished the British welfare stateEstablished the British welfare state– Established a social security system, nationalized some industry, the Bank Established a social security system, nationalized some industry, the Bank

of England, public transportation & utilitiesof England, public transportation & utilities

National Health Service Act of 1946National Health Service Act of 1946– Nationalized medical insurance & created a system of socialized medicineNationalized medical insurance & created a system of socialized medicine

Expenses of creating a welfare state caused Britain to cut expenses Expenses of creating a welfare state caused Britain to cut expenses abroadabroadBecause of a loss of prewar revenue & war debt, Britain was no longer Because of a loss of prewar revenue & war debt, Britain was no longer a world powera world power

The United States & Canada: A New EraThe United States & Canada: A New EraFDR’s New Deal continued to influence domestic politics until 1970FDR’s New Deal continued to influence domestic politics until 1970Influence of the New Deal in post WWII America was bolstered by the Influence of the New Deal in post WWII America was bolstered by the election of three Democratic presidents (1948, 60, & 64)election of three Democratic presidents (1948, 60, & 64)– The election of Eisenhower in 1952 didn’t change the direction of policy The election of Eisenhower in 1952 didn’t change the direction of policy

because he supported social securitybecause he supported social security

Shortage of consumer goods during WWII left people w/ money & Shortage of consumer goods during WWII left people w/ money & desire to spend it in 1950’sdesire to spend it in 1950’sAfter communist advances in Asia, fear that communism had spread After communist advances in Asia, fear that communism had spread to the United Statesto the United States– Sen. Joseph McCarthy helped intensify the “Red Scare,” supposedly Sen. Joseph McCarthy helped intensify the “Red Scare,” supposedly

ferreting out Communist conspirators in the governmentferreting out Communist conspirators in the government– Censured by Congress in 1954, his crusade came to screeching haltCensured by Congress in 1954, his crusade came to screeching halt

Civil Rights movementCivil Rights movement1954 – Supreme Court rules on Brown vs. Board of Education, gets 1954 – Supreme Court rules on Brown vs. Board of Education, gets the CR movement goingthe CR movement goingAugust 1963 – Dr. Martin Luther King leads march on WashingtonAugust 1963 – Dr. Martin Luther King leads march on Washington– Jan. 1963 – 4% said civil rights most important domestic issue, eight Jan. 1963 – 4% said civil rights most important domestic issue, eight

months later 52% say its most important months later 52% say its most important

LBJ took up the Civil Rights cause LBJ took up the Civil Rights cause & & Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 was was passed by Congresspassed by Congress– Placed the machinery to end Placed the machinery to end

segregation & discriminationsegregation & discrimination

By 1965, voting rights acts made it By 1965, voting rights acts made it easier for blacks to vote in the easier for blacks to vote in the southsouth– Summer 1965, riots break out in Summer 1965, riots break out in

Los AngelesLos Angeles– After King assassination in 1968, After King assassination in 1968,

riots in more than 100 citiesriots in more than 100 cities

Anti-war protests also erupted after Anti-war protests also erupted after Johnson began sending troops to Johnson began sending troops to VietnamVietnamMany protests were peaceful like Many protests were peaceful like the “sit-ins” & “love-ins”the “sit-ins” & “love-ins”– &%$@!n’ hippies….&%$@!n’ hippies….

As protests became more radical, As protests became more radical, violence ensuedviolence ensued– 1970 Kent State, four student 1970 Kent State, four student

protesters killed by Nat’l Guardprotesters killed by Nat’l Guard

The Americanization of the WorldThe Americanization of the WorldUnited States has been the most influential force in the western world United States has been the most influential force in the western world since WWIIsince WWII– movies, music, advertising, & televisionmovies, music, advertising, & television

1960’s – 40% of Hollywood’s income came from Europe)1960’s – 40% of Hollywood’s income came from Europe)By the mid-1950’s, televisions became a staple in middle class By the mid-1950’s, televisions became a staple in middle class houseshouses– 32 million sets by 195432 million sets by 1954

1952 – White disk jockeys start playing African-American rhythm & 1952 – White disk jockeys start playing African-American rhythm & blues to white audiencesblues to white audiencesRock-n-Roll appeared in the 1950’s, figures such as Chuck Berry, Rock-n-Roll appeared in the 1950’s, figures such as Chuck Berry, Little Richard, & Elvis Presley inspired later musicians of the 1960’sLittle Richard, & Elvis Presley inspired later musicians of the 1960’s– Many of them from Great Britain, led to the British Invasion of the 60’sMany of them from Great Britain, led to the British Invasion of the 60’s– Beatles, Rolling Stones, Animals, Cream, Black Sabbath…Beatles, Rolling Stones, Animals, Cream, Black Sabbath…

1967-1973 considered the Golden Age of Rock1967-1973 considered the Golden Age of Rock– much experimentation in music during this periodmuch experimentation in music during this period– Rolling Stones influenced by American blues instead of rockRolling Stones influenced by American blues instead of rock– Some worked with “non-western” instruments (like synthesizers, Some worked with “non-western” instruments (like synthesizers,

keyboards, sitars)keyboards, sitars)– Focused on social issues & alternatives to the “establishment”Focused on social issues & alternatives to the “establishment”