and ordered the armed forcesto desegregatemdashto end theseparation of races The pres-ident also instructed the Jus-
tice Department to activelyenforce existing civil rights lawsWhen Truman proposed his
domestic agenda to Congress in 1949he proclaimed that ldquoevery segment of our pop-ulation and every individual has a right toexpect from our government a fair dealrdquo Tru-man asked for the clearance of slums govern-ment-backed medical insurance higherminimum wages and more federal money forpublic schools Although much of the presi-dentrsquos Fair Deal vision went unfulfilled hemade an important start toward improving thelives of millions of Americans
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the terms inflation
and closed shop in sentences thatwill help explain their meaning
2 Reviewing Facts What actions didPresident Truman take in order toadvance the civil rights of AfricanAmericans
Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors What factors
caused inflation of prices after World War II
Critical Thinking4 Determining Cause and Effect How
did the Taft-Hartley Act affect busi-ness and unions
5 Organizing Information Completea diagram like the one shown bydescribing the adjustments made inthe United States to convert from awartime to a peacetime economy
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the elec-
tion map on page 800 Was the totalnumber of votes cast for Dewey andThurmond greater than Trumanrsquostotal
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 801
Peace-time
Although Truman championed ending suchdiscrimination he was unable to persuade Congress to pass legislation that would protectthe voting rights of African Americans abolishthe poll tax and make lynching a federal crimeStill President Truman did take serious steps toadvance the civil rights of African Americans Heordered federal departments and agencies to endjob discrimination against African Americans
Wartime
African Americans welcome Truman to Harlemduring his 1948 presidential campaign How wasTruman successful in advancing civil rights
History
1948 civil rights button
Economics View copies of newspa-pers published five years ago Comparethe prices of three items advertisedat that time to the same items todayCalculate the percent of increase (ordecrease) in price for each of theproducts
and ordered the armed forcesto desegregatemdashto end theseparation of races The pres-ident also instructed the Jus-
tice Department to activelyenforce existing civil rights lawsWhen Truman proposed his
domestic agenda to Congress in 1949he proclaimed that ldquoevery segment of our pop-ulation and every individual has a right toexpect from our government a fair dealrdquo Tru-man asked for the clearance of slums govern-ment-backed medical insurance higherminimum wages and more federal money forpublic schools Although much of the presi-dentrsquos Fair Deal vision went unfulfilled hemade an important start toward improving thelives of millions of Americans
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the terms inflation
and closed shop in sentences thatwill help explain their meaning
2 Reviewing Facts What actions didPresident Truman take in order toadvance the civil rights of AfricanAmericans
Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors What factors
caused inflation of prices after World War II
Critical Thinking4 Determining Cause and Effect How
did the Taft-Hartley Act affect busi-ness and unions
5 Organizing Information Completea diagram like the one shown bydescribing the adjustments made inthe United States to convert from awartime to a peacetime economy
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the elec-
tion map on page 800 Was the totalnumber of votes cast for Dewey andThurmond greater than Trumanrsquostotal
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 801
Peace-time
Although Truman championed ending suchdiscrimination he was unable to persuade Congress to pass legislation that would protectthe voting rights of African Americans abolishthe poll tax and make lynching a federal crimeStill President Truman did take serious steps toadvance the civil rights of African Americans Heordered federal departments and agencies to endjob discrimination against African Americans
Wartime
African Americans welcome Truman to Harlemduring his 1948 presidential campaign How wasTruman successful in advancing civil rights
History
1948 civil rights button
Economics View copies of newspa-pers published five years ago Comparethe prices of three items advertisedat that time to the same items todayCalculate the percent of increase (ordecrease) in price for each of theproducts
AJ-801
null
7314302
802
June 1950North Korea invades South Korea
April 1951Truman fires General MacArthur
July 1953Cease-fire agreement is signed
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
The bitter wind stung the raw faces of 12 US Marine officers They had just foughtfor five bloody days to lead their troops out of a Chinese trap in the icy wastes of north-east Korea Now they listened to the words of their commander ldquoWe are going tocome out of this as Marines not as stragglers Wersquore going to bring out our woundedand our equipment Wersquore coming out as Marines or not at allrdquo Two more days offighting followed as the tired but determined Marines held off fierce enemy attacksWith the arrival of air cover on the third day the Marines were able to push back theChinese and make their escape
Conflict in KoreaBefore June 1950 few Americans knew much about Korea a small east Asian
country located on the Korean Peninsula west of Japan In 1945 Korea was acolony of Japan At the end of World War II Japan was stripped of its territorialpossessions The United States and the Soviet Union both sent troops into Koreaand agreed to occupy it temporarily They divided the peninsula in half alongthe 38th parallel of latitude with the Soviets controlling North Korea and theAmericans controlling South Korea
Main IdeaAmericans under the United Nationsflag fought to stop a Communisttakeover of the Korean peninsula
Key Termsstalemate demilitarized zone
Reading StrategySequencing Information As youread the section re-create the timeline below and list key events in theKorean War
Read to Learnbull what events led to the Korean Warbull how Americarsquos war aims changed
during the war
Section ThemeGlobal Connections The UnitedStates fought in Korea to stop Com-munist expansion
The Korean War
June 251950
Oct 191950
Nov 261950
April 111951
July 271953
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1950 1952 1954
Korean service medal
AJ-802
null
826511
803CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
The Soviet Union and the United States couldnot agree on how to unify Korea When thesetwo nations removed their forces in 1949 Korearemained divided Tensions between the twoKoreas were high
On June 24 1950 President Truman flew to his home in Independence Missouri for a briefvacation While sitting on his porch on a hotsummer night the president received a tele-phone call from Secretary of State Dean AchesonldquoMr Presidentrdquo Acheson said in a grim tone ldquoIhave very serious news The North Koreans haveinvaded South Koreardquo Truman knew this meantonly one thing the United States soon would beinvolved in military action in Asia
The Invasion of South KoreaAfter the American troops pulled out of South
Korea North Korea decided to unify the countryby force On June 25 1950 the armies of NorthKorea crossed the 38th parallel into South KoreaPoorly armed the South Koreans were no matchfor the North Within days the Communistforces had gained control over much of SouthKorea including Seoul the capital city
President Truman reacted quickly to theKorean invasion which he believed was sup-ported by the Soviet Union Without askingCongress to actually declare war Trumanordered the use of limited American air and seaforces in Korea He called this ldquopolice actionrdquonecessary to carry out Americarsquos policy of con-tainment Truman said
ldquoKorea is the Greece of the Far East If we aretough enough now if we stand up to them likewe did in Greece three years ago they wonrsquottake any next stepsrdquo
United Nations RespondsAt the same time President Truman asked the
UN to send forces to defend the South KoreansThe United Nations condemned the invasion ofSouth Korea and agreed to send a special forceto the region under the United Statesrsquos directionPresident Truman quickly appointed GeneralDouglas MacArthur a hero of World War II tocommand the UN forces
On June 30 just days after the North Koreaninvasion General MacArthur led Americantroops into Korea to stop the Communistadvance By the end of 1950 other nations weresupplying troops or other assistance to theAmerican-led war effort Even so Americansmade up the majority of troops throughout theKorean War
The United Nations had a clear but difficultgoalmdashpush the North Koreans back across the38th parallel When China intervened in the con-flict this goal changed causing Truman andMacArthur to clash over military strategy
11
44
33
22
N
S
EW
100 kilometers0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
100 miles0
134degE
42degN
38degN
34degN
122degE
YaluR
Seaof
Japan
SOUTHKOREA
NORTHKOREA
PEOPLESREPUBLICOF CHINA
SOVIETUNION
JAPANPusan
SeoulInchon
Panmunjom
Pyongyang
The Korean War1950ndash1953
The Korean War raged along the Korean Peninsula1 Place What city is located along the 38th parallel2 Analyzing Information Whose forces landed at
Inchon in September 1950
Farthest advance ofNorth KoreansSept 1950
UN landing Sept 1950
Farthest advance ofUN forces Nov 1950
Farthest advance ofNorth Koreans andChinese Jan 1951
11
22
33
44
Capital city
Truce line July 1953
AJ-803
null
15511461
Early Phases of the WarBy September 1950 North Korean forces had
pushed all the way to the southern tip of theKorean Peninsula Only a small area in thesoutheast around the port city of Pusan was stillheld by the South Korean army
After joining the South Koreans GeneralMacArthur designed a bold counterattackagainst North Korea In September UnitedNations forces made a daring landing midwayon the Korean Peninsula near the port ofInchon They took that strategic city and movedon to recapture Seoul
Meanwhile American and UN troops beganpushing north from Pusan By October 1 theNorth Koreans caught between UN forcesadvancing from both Seoul and Pusan wereforced to retreat north across the 38th parallelSouth Korea now came under the control of theUnited Nations forces
Taking the OffensiveEncouraged by this success General Mac-
Arthur urged President Truman to order aninvasion of North Korea He assured Trumanthat neither China nor the Soviet Union wouldenter the war to help North Korea and he prom-ised to have troops ldquohome by Christmasrdquo Tru-man sought and received approval from theUnited Nations to cross the 38th parallel invadethe North and create ldquoa unified independentand democratic Koreardquomdasha new goal for the war
After receiving these new orders MacArthurmoved his forces northward The UN forces cap-tured Pyongyang the North Korean capital onOctober 19 and then moved north toward theYalu River part of North Korearsquos border withChina Total victory seemed just days away
As the UN forces advanced the United Statesreceived a warning from the Chinese If theinvasion of North Korea continued Chinawould send in its army to support the NorthKoreans Believing the Chinese warning was abluff President Truman allowed MacArthur tocontinue moving north
The Chinese were not bluffing however Bylate October thousands of Chinese troops beganmassing along the border and some crossed theYalu River southward into North Korea OnNovember 26 huge numbers of Chinese troopslaunched an attack on United Nations forcesBadly outnumbered the UN forces retreatedsouth back across the 38th parallel Withinweeks the Communists had recaptured Seoul
Describing What line separatedNorth from South Korea
American Leadership DividedBy January 1951 United Nations forces man-
aged to stop their retreat Launching a coun-teroffensive they retook Seoul and pushed theCommunists back across the 38th parallel Thewar now became a stalemate a situation inwhich neither side was able to gain muchground or achieve a decisive victory The stale-mate lasted for almost two years with much bitter fighting along the 38th parallel
804 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
American troops move forward to the battlefieldwhile South Korean women and children flee fromthe Communists What was the state of theKorean conflict by January 1951
History
AJ-804
null
16979686
Truman and MacArthur DisagreeAs the stalemate dragged on President Tru-
man began to consider negotiating an end to thefighting General MacArthur however arguedthat the UN forces should now attack Chinaeither by invading the country or by bombingChinese troops stationed in North Korea Tru-man opposed MacArthurrsquos plan fearing thatsuch actions would lead to a larger war withChina or escalate into another world war
In a letter to a member of Congress Mac-Arthur complained that he was being kept fromdoing his job ldquoWe must winrdquo he wrote ldquoThereis no substitute for victoryrdquo
On April 11 1951 President Truman relievedGeneral MacArthur of his command in Korea ldquoIcould do nothing else and still be president of theUnited Statesrdquo Truman concluded He wrote
ldquoIf I allowed him to defy the civil authoritiesin this manner I myself would be violating myoath to uphold and defend the Constitutionrdquo
MacArthurrsquos firing created a storm of protestin the United States The general was extremelypopular and polls showed that a majority ofAmericans supported him against the presidentMoreover MacArthur did not go quietly After receiving a herorsquos welcome on his return to theUnited States he delivered a farewell speech toCongress ldquoOld soldiers never dierdquo he saidldquothey just fade awayrdquo
Ending the ConflictThe two sides in the
Korean War begannegotiations in July1951 The talks lastedfor two years before acease-fire agreementwas signed on July 271953 during the presi-dency of Dwight Eisenhower This agreementending the war created a demilitarized zonemdasharegion where military forces could not entermdashbetween North and South Korea The zoneextended roughly a mile and a half on eitherside of the 38th parallel
The Korean War ended with neither sideachieving victory and almost no change in terri-tory Losses had been great More than 54000Americans died in the war and another 103000were wounded Nearly two million Koreans andChinese lost their lives and large portions ofNorth and South Korea were devastated
Americarsquos involvement in the Korean War senta clear message to the Soviet Union The UnitedStates was committed to fighting Communistexpansion with money arms and even lives Atthe same time the inability of the United States towin a clear victory contributed to uncertainty athome about the nationrsquos foreign policy
Comparing How did Trumanrsquos viewon the Korean War differ from General MacArthurrsquos view
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define the following
terms stalemate demilitarizedzone
2 Reviewing Facts How did theKorean War begin
Reviewing Themes3 Global Connections How did Amer-
ican goals change during the courseof the Korean War
Critical Thinking4 Identifying Central Issues Do you
think Truman should have allowedMacArthur to attack China Why orwhy not
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and provide tworeasons for the Korean War endingin a stalemate
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
on page 803 When did UN forcesmake their farthest advance
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 805
Persuasive Writing Write a one-page editorial in which you arguewhether a US military leadershould or should not be able tooverride a presidentrsquos decision
Stalemate
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 27mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on theKorean War
AJ-805
null
16498985
806
1947House Un-American ActivitiesCommittee holds hearings
1950Congress passes theMcCarran Act
1954McCarthy is censured
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
In 1947 a congressional committee held public hearings on the alleged communistinfluence in the Hollywood film industry Many witnesses called before the committeewere asked the same questions ldquoAre you now or have you ever been a member ofthe Communist Partyrdquo Two witnesses denied having communist ties but 10 othersrefused to give a straight ldquoyesrdquo or ldquonordquo answer In dramatic moments worthy of themovies these ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo challenged the committeersquos right to ask about theirpolitical beliefs One of the accused yelled ldquoThis is the beginning of an American concentration camprdquo
Cold War FearsThe Cold War intensified Americansrsquo fears of communist subversion or
sabotage Stories of stolen government documents and spy rings gripped thecountry in the late 1940s Then in 1949 Americans learned that the Soviet Unionhad built its own atomic bomb
Many Americans worried that Communist spies and sympathizersmdashpeoplefriendly to Communists or ldquoRedsrdquo as they were knownmdashhad penetrated alllevels of American society and were attempting to weaken the government
Main IdeaLife in Cold War America was markedby a search for security
Key Termssubversion blacklist perjuryallege censure
Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and explain why these individ-uals are important
Read to Learnbull what effect Cold War fears had on
domestic politicsbull how McCarthyism affected the
nation
Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy Ameri-cans of the postwar era took steps tocombat the spread of communismwithin the United States
The Red Scare
John Howard Lawson of the ldquoHollywood Tenrdquo
Historical significance
Alger HissEthel RosenbergJoseph McCarthy
1953The Rosenbergs areexecuted as spies
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1945 1950 1955
AJ-806
null
753372
807CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
This Red Scare dominated the nationrsquos politicsfor years and led to a massive hunt to uncoverCommunists In this climate of fear few Ameri-cans were safe from accusations of disloyaltymdashnot even the president
Republican critics began accusing PresidentTruman of being too easy on Communists In1947 Truman responded by ordering an investi-gation into the loyalty of all federal employeesMillions of government workers had to undergosecurity checks and thousands were investi-gated by the FBI Although the investigationsfound little evidence of espionage many federalemployees lost their jobs
Loyalty Oaths and InvestigationsMany state and local governments colleges
and businesses began similar campaigns touncover communist subversion Some organiza-tions required individuals to sign oaths swearingtheir loyalty to the United States Those whorefused risked losing their jobs
In 1950 Congress passed the McCarran Actwhich required all Communist organizations toregister with the government and to providelists of members President Truman vetoed theact ldquoIn a free country we punish men for crimesthey commitrdquo he said ldquobut never for the opin-ions they holdrdquo Congress overrode his veto
In 1947 a congressional committee the HouseUn-American Activities Committee (HUAC)began investigating communist subversion inthe nation In widely publicized hearings thecommittee questioned people about their knowl-edge of Communists or Communist sympathiz-ers Individuals came under suspicion because ofthe beliefs of their friends or coworkersmdashguiltby association The committeersquos activities fueledan anti-Communist hysteria in the nation
HUAC launched a sensational investigationof the Hollywood film industry rumored to befull of Communists A number of those whowere summoned refused to testify and severalscreenwriters and directorsmdashthe ldquoHollywoodTenrdquomdashwent to jail for refusing to answer ques-tions about their political beliefs or those of theircolleagues Reacting to public and governmentpressure film companies created blacklistsmdash
lists of individuals whose loyalty was suspi-ciousmdashthat barred people from working in Hollywoodrsquos film industry
American Spies RevealedIn 1948 Whittaker Chambers a magazine
editor volunteered to testify before HUACAfter admitting that he had spied for the SovietUnion in the 1930s Chambers accused AlgerHiss a former State Department official of giv-ing him secret government documents in 1937and 1938 to pass on to the Soviets
Chambers produced secret State Departmentpapers he claimed were written by Hiss andmicrofilm of other secret documents Chambersswore that he had received the microfilm (whichwas hidden in a pumpkin) from Hiss Investiga-tors could not prosecute Hiss for spying becausetoo much time had passed since the events had occurred However he was found guilty ofperjury or lying and sent to prison
The Cold War pitted the Soviet Union and its alliesagainst the United States and its allies
Analyzing Information What organization did theWestern powers form
bull The Soviet Union expands intoEastern Europe
bull Communism extends into WesternEurope the Middle East and Asia
bull Western governments fear Sovietaggression
bull The United States aids anti-Communist forces
bull Western powers form NATO
bull The Korean War erupts
bull A USndashSoviet arms race develops
AJ-807
null
18505386
AJ-807
null
18505386
808 CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era
Margaret Chase Smithof Maine was the firstwoman to be elected toboth houses of Congress
First elected to theHouse in 1940 Smithmade many contributionsduring her four termsDuring World War II sheworked to improve theposition of women in themilitary She played amajor role in the passage
of a new law theWomenrsquos Armed ServicesIntegration Act (1948)that allowed women toserve as permanent regu-lar members of thenationrsquos military forces
Smith also served fourterms in the SenateNever afraid to speak outon the issues she wasone of the first to con-demn the tactics used by
Senator Joseph McCarthyin his crusade againstcommunism
In 1964 Smith was oneof the presidential nomi-nees at the RepublicanNational Conventionmaking her the firstwoman to have her nameplaced in nomination by amajor political party
The most dramatic spy case to come beforeHUAC involved the atomic bomb Julius andEthel Rosenberg a New York couple who weremembers of the Communist Party were accusedof plotting to pass secret information about theatomic bomb to the Soviet Union Brought totrial in 1951 the Rosenbergs were convicted andsentenced to death The judge in the casedeclared their crime ldquoworse than murderrdquo
Groups around the world protested the sen-tence as a gross injustice but higher courtsupheld the death sentence decision Executed in1953 the Rosenbergs maintained their inno-cence to the end and claimed that they were per-secuted because of their political beliefs
Explaining What did the McCarranAct require
McCarthyismFrom 1950 to 1954 the hunt for Communists
in America was dominated by Senator JosephMcCarthy of Wisconsin During those yearsMcCarthy publicly attacked many peopleallegedmdashdeclared without proofmdashto be Com-
munists His unfounded accusations destroyedthe careers of many innocent Americans andheightened the atmosphere of anti-Communisthysteria in the country A new word was coinedMcCarthyism which came to mean the use ofunproved accusations against political oppo-nents
Joseph McCarthy rose to national attentionalmost overnight In a speech in Wheeling WestVirginia in February 1950 he announced thatAmerica had been betrayed by the ldquotraitorousactionsrdquo of certain individuals Raising a sheetof paper he claimed to have in his hand a list of205 State Department employees who weremembers of the Communist Party Millions ofAmericans believed McCarthyrsquos charges
During the next four years McCarthy contin-ued to accuse government officials and others ofbeing Communists His congressional subcom-mittee attacked and bullied the people it calledto testify Many federal employees resigned orwere dismissed as a result of McCarthyrsquos inves-tigations
Even the most powerful government officialshesitated to oppose him McCarthy often targetedDemocrats He and his Republican colleagues in
AJ-808
null
13186336
Congress saw anticommunism as an importantissue to use against the Democratic Party SomeRepublican candidates for Congress includingRichard Nixon successfully smeared their oppo-nents with charges of being soft on communismSuch tactics worked because so many Americansfeared the threat of communism
McCarthyrsquos DownfallIn 1954 McCarthy launched an investigation
of the United States Army He made alarmingclaims that Communists had infiltrated the mili-tary In a series of televised hearings watched bymillions of Americans McCarthy hurled wildaccusations at highly respected army officials
The televised Army-McCarthy Hearingsproved the turning point in the McCarthy inves-tigations For weeks Americans witnessedMcCarthyrsquos sneering and cruel attacks Towardthe end of the hearings Joseph Welch an attor-ney for the army said to McCarthy
ldquoUntil this moment Senator I think I neverreally gauged your cruelty or your recklessness Have you left no sense of decencyrdquo
Many Americans now came to viewMcCarthy as a cruel bully who had little basisfor his accusations Congress also turned againstMcCarthy In December 1954 the Senate votedto censure or formally criticize him for ldquocon-duct unbecoming a senatorrdquo Censure and the
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define the following
terms subversion blacklist per-jury allege censure
2 Reviewing Facts Describe the aimof loyalty oaths
Reviewing Themes3 Government and Democracy What
negative effects did McCarthyrsquos anti-Communist actions have on Americansociety
Critical Thinking4 Drawing Conclusions How do you
think television affected the outcomeof the Army-McCarthy hearings
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and give twoexamples of the governmentrsquosresponse to growing fears of communism
Analyzing Visuals6 Graphic Organizer Skills Examine
the cause-and-effect chart on page807 Into what areas did the SovietUnion expand What was one effectof the Cold War
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 809
Art Draw a political cartoon thatdescribes the effect you thinkJoseph McCarthy had on the Amer-ican people Make sure you includea caption with your cartoon
This 1950 cartoon shows McCarthy spreading chargesof disloyalty Why does the cartoonist portrayMcCarthy as the Statue of Liberty
Analyzing Political Cartoons
Government response
loss of public support ended McCarthyrsquos influ-ence Yet during the years when fears of com-munism had raged in the country McCarthyismhad damaged the lives of many innocent people
Describing What claims didMcCarthy make against the United States Army
AJ-809
null
10391367
810
Reviewing Key TermsOn graph paper create a word search puzzle using thefollowing terms Crisscross the terms vertically and hori-zontally then fill in the remaining squares with extra let-ters Use the termsrsquo definitions as clues to find the words inthe puzzle Share your puzzle with a classmate1 iron curtain 5 inflation2 containment 6 closed shop3 airlift 7 perjury4 cold war 8 allege
Reviewing Key Facts9 Who coined the phrase ldquoiron curtainrdquo What did
it represent10 What did the Marshall Plan provide11 What is a ldquocold warrdquo12 Why did many labor unions strike after the war13 What did the GI Bill provide14 Who did the major parties nominate for the presi-
dency in 1948 Who won the election15 What was the outcome of the conflict in Korea16 What was the purpose of the House Un-American
Activities Committee
Critical Thinking17 Analyzing Themes Global Connections What was
the strategy behind the Marshall Plan18 Analyzing Information How did Truman exercise his
power as commander in chief of the United States mil-itary during the Korean War
19 Drawing Conclusions In addition to fighting commu-nism what other motivation do you think SenatorMcCarthy had for his actions
20 Determining Cause and Effect Re-create the diagrambelow and identify two ways the United States used itsposition as the strongest and wealthiest nation in theworld to shape economic recovery in Europe
The Cold War EraSoviet UnitedUnion States
Shaping European recovery
Soviets occupy much of Eastern and Central
Europe
Truman Doctrine proposed Congress
approves Marshall Plan
US Britain and France unite to form
West German Republic
Berlin blockade
Berlin airlift
NATO Pact
Warsaw Pact
With UN US fights inKorean War
US builds largest military force
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 27mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 27 The Cold War Era 811
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
The United States started the Marshall Plan as a wayto prevent an economic collapse in Europe thatwould open the door to communism Which of thefollowing was another purpose of the Marshall Plan
A To shift the balance of power away from Asiannations
B To encourage European Allied efforts in WorldWar II
C To build a strong Europe on which Americaneconomic security could depend
D To prevent the Soviet Union from becoming amajor military power
Test-Taking Tip
This question requires you to remember a fact aboutthe Marshall Plan Remember that the plan was aneconomic programmdashthat is it provided money tohelp rebuild European economies Which answer
fits best with this information
Standardized Test Practice
Technology Activity31 Using the Internet Search the Internet for information
about how the United Nations is organized Design aflowchart or graphic organizer that shows the names ofeach of the main bodies of the UN and how they arerelated to each other
Alternative Assessment32 Portfolio Writing Activity The United States govern-
ment was anxious to avoid military conflict after WorldWar II Review the chapter and make a list of examples ofhow the United States government used negotiation andother nonviolent means to resolve international problemswithout resorting to war
Practicing SkillsMaking Inferences Examine the photograph that appears onpages 784 and 785 Then answer the questions that follow21 Describe the details in the painting 22 What feelings does the face of the young girl express 23 What do you know about the movement to integrate
schools during the 1950s 24 Putting all this together what do you infer as the reason
for the girlrsquos expression25 Find a newspaper or magazine photograph and write at
least three inferences based on the photo
Geography and History ActivityStudy the map on page 793 Then answer the questions thatfollow26 Region Among what four countries was Germany divided27 Place What country or countries occupied East Berlin28 Place What country or countries occupied West Berlin29 Location What is unusual about the location of the air-
ports in Berlin Explain your reasoning
Citizenship Cooperative Activity30 Military Service The GI Bill provided many benefits to
soldiers returning from World War II Through these ben-efits Americans who thought they could never go to col-lege or own their own homes could now achieve thesegoals Organize into four groups to explore the incentivesoffered today for people who join the United StatesArmy Navy Marines and Coast Guard Use the list ofquestions that follow to guide your grouprsquos research
bull Is attending college or another institution of extendedlearning still an option
bull What kinds of economic incentives are offered torecruits
bull What advantages are awarded to those joining thearmed services today that were not available at theend of World War II
Use your information to design a recruitment plan toattract people to a particular branch of the serviceInclude all forms of media in your plan such as bill-boards newspaper ads radio and television