Chapter 26 World War II Section 1: The War Begins.

Chapter 26Chapter 26World War IIWorld War II

Section 1: The War BeginsSection 1: The War Begins

Results of WWIIResults of WWIIWhy study it?Why study it?

Largest armed conflict in the history of the worldLargest armed conflict in the history of the world 62-78 million worldwide deaths (military & civilian)62-78 million worldwide deaths (military & civilian) Mass genocide committed towards individual Mass genocide committed towards individual

groups (The Holocaust, Great Purges, etc.)groups (The Holocaust, Great Purges, etc.) Atomic Age begins (and other new technologies)Atomic Age begins (and other new technologies) De-Colonization & NationalismDe-Colonization & Nationalism The beginnings of the Cold War (American & The beginnings of the Cold War (American &

Soviet dominance of the world)Soviet dominance of the world)

WW II Casualties: AsiaWW II Casualties: Asia

Each symbol indicates 100,000

dead in the appropriate theater

of operations

WW II Casualties: Europe

WW II Casualties: Europe

Each symbol indicates 100,000

dead in the appropriate theater

of operations

CrematoriCrematoria at a at

MajdanekMajdanek

Entrance Entrance to to

AuschwitzAuschwitz

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Slave Labor at BuchenwaldSlave Labor at Buchenwald

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Mass Graves at Bergen-BelsenMass Graves at Bergen-Belsen

The Beginning of theAtomic Age

The Beginning of theAtomic Age

Early Computer Technology

Came Out of WW II

Early Computer Technology

Came Out of WW II

Mark I, 1944Mark I, 1944

Admiral Grace Admiral Grace Hooper, 1944-1992Hooper, 1944-1992COBOL languageCOBOL language

Colossus, Colossus, 19411941

The De-Colonization of European Empires

The De-Colonization of European Empires

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of

the Cold War

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of

the Cold War

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20c

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20c

TOTALITARIANISMTOTALITARIANISM(a govt. that has total control over its people)(a govt. that has total control over its people)

CommunismCommunism government government owns the owns the businesses businesses and landand land Soviet Soviet UnionUnion

Shared Characteristics• extreme nationalism• one strong leader• one political party • strong military• secret police• censorship• propaganda• indoctrination (teaching young people accepted ideas of the govt.)

Fascism• individual people own the businesses and land• Germany, Italy

Absolute Dictators – Methods of Absolute Dictators – Methods of ControlControl

Dictators often used Dictators often used propaganda tools to propaganda tools to maintain power maintain power (books, radio, the (books, radio, the press, films)press, films)

People were People were forbidden from forbidden from criticizing their criticizing their governmentgovernment

Nazi PropagandaNazi Propaganda

The Rise of DictatorsThe Rise of Dictators Dictators (absolute rulers) seized power Dictators (absolute rulers) seized power

in Italy, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union in Italy, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union after World War Iafter World War I

Germany was treated severely after WWI Germany was treated severely after WWI (stripped of territory, forced to disarm, (stripped of territory, forced to disarm, pay reparations)pay reparations)

Worldwide Depression also hit – many Worldwide Depression also hit – many people looked to new leaders to solve people looked to new leaders to solve problemsproblems

The MAJOR Dictators: Benito Mussolini in The MAJOR Dictators: Benito Mussolini in Italy; Adolf Hitler in Germany; Joseph Italy; Adolf Hitler in Germany; Joseph Stalin in the Soviet UnionStalin in the Soviet Union

Benito Mussolini (Italy)Benito Mussolini (Italy) Preached a government Preached a government

called called FascismFascism – – movement emphasizing movement emphasizing loyalty to the state and its loyalty to the state and its leaderleader

Deeply anti-Communist; Deeply anti-Communist; strong support for Italian strong support for Italian corporationscorporations

Deep desire to make Italy Deep desire to make Italy a great world powera great world power

Active Secret Police would Active Secret Police would jail political opponentsjail political opponents

Linked to racism and Linked to racism and cultural superioritycultural superiority

Mussolini called himself “IL DUCE” (The Chief)

Adolf Hitler (Germany)Adolf Hitler (Germany) Joined politics after WWI Joined politics after WWI

– wanted to avenge – wanted to avenge Germany’s lossGermany’s loss

Organized Nazi Party; Organized Nazi Party; tried to seize power in tried to seize power in 1923 – but was arrested1923 – but was arrested

While in prison – wrote While in prison – wrote Mein KampfMein Kampf

Spoke about Germany Spoke about Germany racial superiority (German racial superiority (German Aryans were superior; all Aryans were superior; all others – like Jews, Slavs, others – like Jews, Slavs, Gypsies – were inferior)Gypsies – were inferior)

Stated German need for Stated German need for LebensraumLebensraum – living – living spacespace

Hitler’s PoliciesHitler’s Policies

Banned all political Banned all political partiesparties

Created a black-Created a black-uniformed, secret uniformed, secret police unit called the police unit called the SS (Schutzstaffel)SS (Schutzstaffel)

Massive building Massive building program put millions program put millions to work – ending the to work – ending the Depression in Depression in GermanyGermany

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Communist leader (Russia Communist leader (Russia

became Communist after became Communist after WWI)WWI)

Controlled every aspect of Controlled every aspect of people’s livespeople’s lives

Attempted to create the Attempted to create the “ideal” Communist state“ideal” Communist state• Elimination of all private industryElimination of all private industry• Collectivized all farms into state-Collectivized all farms into state-

run agriculturerun agriculture• Transformed Soviet Union into Transformed Soviet Union into

industrial giant (Five Year Plans)industrial giant (Five Year Plans)

**Eliminated **Eliminated allall competition to competition to achieve his goals (millions achieve his goals (millions killed or sent to forced labor killed or sent to forced labor camps)camps)

**The Great Purge (8-13 million **The Great Purge (8-13 million “enemies of the people” “enemies of the people” killed)killed)

New Government for JapanNew Government for Japan

Japan seemed peaceful and had a Japan seemed peaceful and had a democratic government in the 1920sdemocratic government in the 1920s

However, few in government could control However, few in government could control the military (who reported directly to the the military (who reported directly to the emperor)emperor)

When hard economic times hit Japan When hard economic times hit Japan (caused by the Depression), the military (caused by the Depression), the military installed a new government that was installed a new government that was centered around the Emperorcentered around the Emperor – for whom – for whom the military would rule in the name ofthe military would rule in the name of

Goals for Japan’s MilitaristsGoals for Japan’s Militarists

Expand empire overseasExpand empire overseas Improve economy through imperialismImprove economy through imperialism Form a Pacific Empire that included ChinaForm a Pacific Empire that included China

BENEFITS OF THE EMPIRE ARE…BENEFITS OF THE EMPIRE ARE…Could access much needed raw materialsCould access much needed raw materialsCould have an empire that included billions of Could have an empire that included billions of

people to trade withpeople to trade withNew empire would give “living space” for New empire would give “living space” for

rising populationrising population

Where Japan could find a Where Japan could find a solution for what they desired…solution for what they desired…

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Japan’s invasionsJapan’s invasions 1931 – Japan invaded 1931 – Japan invaded

Manchuria (Northeastern Manchuria (Northeastern China - rich in natural China - rich in natural resources)resources) League of Nations League of Nations

protested action, but did protested action, but did nothing to stop Japannothing to stop Japan

Japan simply left League of Japan simply left League of Nations in 1933Nations in 1933

1937 – Japan invaded the 1937 – Japan invaded the rest of China (captured rest of China (captured Beijing and Nanjing – Beijing and Nanjing – where thousands of where thousands of civilians were killed) – civilians were killed) – “Rape of Nanjing”“Rape of Nanjing”

Italy invades EthiopiaItaly invades Ethiopia

Mussolini saw the League Mussolini saw the League of Nations do nothing to of Nations do nothing to stop Japanstop Japan

Envious of Britain & Envious of Britain & France’s holdings in AfricaFrance’s holdings in Africa

Invasion of Ethiopia in Invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 – the spears and 1935 – the spears and swords of Ethiopia no swords of Ethiopia no match for tanks, guns, and match for tanks, guns, and planes of Italyplanes of Italy

League of Nations – League of Nations – take take no actionno action to stop Italy to stop Italy

Germany Begins ConquestsGermany Begins Conquests

1936 – Hitler moves 1936 – Hitler moves troops into the troops into the RhinelandRhineland (German (German region near the French region near the French border)border)

WWI treaty said WWI treaty said nono German troops hereGerman troops here

French Gov’t and French Gov’t and League of Nations – League of Nations – TAKE NO ACTIONTAKE NO ACTION

German-Italian AllianceGerman-Italian Alliance Germany and Italy Germany and Italy

formed the formed the Axis Axis PowersPowers

Now – two dictators Now – two dictators with stated goals of with stated goals of expansion are good expansion are good friendsfriends

Axis Powers help Axis Powers help Spain’s Fascist Spain’s Fascist military overthrow its military overthrow its elected government elected government (Spanish Civil War)(Spanish Civil War)

Mussolini and Hitler

Hitler begins his own ConquestsHitler begins his own Conquests

1938 – Hitler and the 1938 – Hitler and the Germans invade Germans invade Austria (most Austria (most Austrians spoke Austrians spoke German and German and welcomed becoming a welcomed becoming a part of Germany)part of Germany)

But…Hitler and the But…Hitler and the Germans were Germans were expanding – and the expanding – and the WWI treaty told them WWI treaty told them not to…not to…

The SudetenlandThe Sudetenland After taking Austria – After taking Austria –

Hitler wanted moreHitler wanted more His next desire is the His next desire is the

SudetenlandSudetenland in in CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Small area of Western Small area of Western Czech where many Czech where many German-speakers livedGerman-speakers lived

The Czechs didn’t want The Czechs didn’t want to give this area to to give this area to Germany – nor did Germany – nor did France and RussiaFrance and Russia

Germany’s ExpansionGermany’s Expansion

““Appeasement” at MunichAppeasement” at Munich The British step in to The British step in to

offer a peace and offer a peace and avoid waravoid war

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain meets with Hitler in meets with Hitler in Munich, GermanyMunich, Germany• They agree to give They agree to give

Hitler the Hitler the SudetenlandSudetenland

• Hitler has to promise Hitler has to promise he is done seeking he is done seeking territoryterritory

Reactions to MunichReactions to Munich Neville Neville

ChamberlainChamberlain, the , the British Prime British Prime Minister who came Minister who came up with the up with the agreement, said agreement, said that he had that he had achieved “peace in achieved “peace in our time”our time”

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill, , the future Prime the future Prime Minister, said: Minister, said: “Britain and France “Britain and France had to choose had to choose between war and between war and shame. They chose shame. They chose shame. They will shame. They will get war, too.”get war, too.”

Hitler breaks his promise: Germany Hitler breaks his promise: Germany Starts the WarStarts the War

After being given After being given Sudetenland – Hitler Sudetenland – Hitler takes the rest of takes the rest of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Hitler then signs a Hitler then signs a Non-Non-Aggression PactAggression Pact with with Stalin and the Soviet Stalin and the Soviet Union (they agree to not Union (they agree to not make war on each other) make war on each other) – now France and Britain – now France and Britain have have lostlost an ally in Stalin an ally in Stalin

Immediately after – Immediately after – Germany invades Poland Germany invades Poland in Sept. 1939 (France & in Sept. 1939 (France & Britain declare war on Britain declare war on Germany) WWII officially Germany) WWII officially beginsbegins

The Non-Aggression Pact was publicly a peace treaty, but in reality just a ploy by Hitler and Stalin to divide up Eastern Europe

The “Conquered” World - 1942The “Conquered” World - 1942

Hitler’s Lightning WarHitler’s Lightning War

• Hitler introduced the “Blitzkrieg” – or ‘Lightning War’ – as his principle strategy

• Took the enemy by surprise using fast moving tanks and airplanes – followed by infantry soldiers

Hitler Attacks Western EuropeHitler Attacks Western Europe

• April 1940 – Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway (he wanted coastline areas to launch future attacks on Britain)

• May 1940 – Hitler attacks Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and eventually France

• France fell in June 1940• French Gen. Charles de Gaulle fled to London

and set up a government-in-exile

Hitler Attacks BritainHitler Attacks Britain• P.M. Winston Churchill

declared that England would “never surrender”

• Germany’s effort began with bombing campaigns – first airfields & factories, then civilian sections of cities

• Britain had radar and a code-making machine called the Enigma

• The Battle of Britain continued to June 1941 – until Hitler decided to put resources elsewhere

Hitler invades the Soviet UnionHitler invades the Soviet Union

• June 22, 1941 – Germany invades the Soviet Union

• Desire “lebensraum” (living space)

• 5 million-man Russian Army not equipped nor prepared for Hitler

• Germans moved 500 miles into Russia – who simply retreated and burned

The Lend-Lease ActThe Lend-Lease Act

• Before U.S. is in war, FDR wanted to help the Allies in Europe (especially England)

• Wanted the U.S. to be “the great arsenal of democracy”

• U.S. lends weapons & equipment worth $50 billion

Great Britain United States Netherlands France

Problems in the PacificProblems in the Pacific• Japan dreamed of a vast Asia-

Pacific Empire• 1941 – European powers

“distracted”

• Japan was in need of raw materials– took Manchuria in ’31– French Indochina in Aug ‘41– The U.S. cut off oil shipments to

Japan to punish their aggression

• Only obstacle for Japan dominating region: U.S. Navy in Pacific.

• War seemed imminent. But Where? When?

The Attack on Pearl HarborThe Attack on Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941• Massive air assault /

Pacific Fleet badly damaged

• 2,400 Americans killed / 18 ships

• FDR: “A date which will live in infamy”

• America officially enters war

U.S.S. ArizonaU.S.S. Arizona

America’s ResponseAmerica’s Response

• President Roosevelt asks Congress to Declare War on Japan

• Famous speech: FDR declares that “December 7, 1941 is a day which will live in infamy”

• Watch clip