Chapter 25
Jan 08, 2018
Chapter 25
Big Issues: (1)American Revolution (2)French Revolution (3)Slave revolt in St. Domingue (Haiti) (4)Confusion on Iberian Peninsula
(Spain/Portugal)
Island of St. Domingue- half Spanish/half French
French Haiti- chaos between whites quarreling with free-blacks
Toussaint L’Ouverture- literate, well readwanted all of Haiti to be free of
slaveryWanted independent HaitiNapoleon sent troops, captured
L’Ouverture (died in prison)Haiti still won- Napoleon chaos
certainly helped
CreolesMestizosPeninsulares
Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal –weakened them
Simon BolivarWealthy creoleThe “liberator”1810- led independence movement
in Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela
Fought for all classesJamaica Letter 1815- his statement
of principles of freedom and equality
Napoleon losesVienna Conference does what?______King of Portugal leaves his son in charge as
regent of Brazil“If they start a revolution from Portugal…give
it to them. Declare Brazil independent…as yourself as king.”
Brazil=Monarchy Pedro I
• Welcome to CHAOS…• 1810-1823• Father Miguel de Hidalgo- priest who began to call
for independenceDied in 1811
• Jose Maria Morelos took overThey wanted equality for mestizos, indians, slaves…
everyone.Wanted a constitutionMorelos killed by conservative Mexicans- upper class
• Colonel Agustin Iturbide overturned Spain- dictator?Overthrown and Republic of Mexico established 1824.
1. Culture1. Culture
Elites adopted Western patterns, habits, styles including Romanticism, Realism
Culture of masses remained unchanged, focused on folk arts, music, traditions
2. Gender, Class, Race2. Gender, Class, RaceWomen gained limited improvement with
EducationRacial Identity still determined class
“We have achieved our independence…at the expense of everything else.” – S. Bolivar
• Constitutions failed-about 12 written, but people were not accustomed to “rights” (compare to American colonists)
• Dictators- Military leaders called CAUDILLOS
• Economy- wealth still characterized by land ownership not capital wealth of Latin Americans. Little industry
Manifest DestinyHuge land acquisition-
Jefferson and Napoleon- Louisianna Purchase
Americans believed “sea to shining sea” was predestined by God
Mexican American WarJames K. Polk- PresidentTreaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo- Mexico ceded southwest to USA.
Panama Canal- USA help Panama gain independence from Colombia- in return …Panama Canal!!!
Spanish-American War-1898 (the forgotten War)USA shows naval superiority for
the first timeWins easilyTakes Philippines (buys for $20
million), Guam, Puerto RicoCuba gains independence from
Spain
Chapter 26
Reasons:1.Poor leaders2.Backward Janissaries stunted technological
growth3.European greediness for territory
1. Cautious though- Ottomans were weak-a replacement might be WORSE
2. Began slowly taking land from Ottomans- but were concerned about balance of power in Europei.e. “Hey France, your piece of cake is bigger…no fair!”
Napoleon…conquered EgyptBritish helped Ottomans get it back…but…1805-Wahhabi RebellionMuhammad Ali
Sent by Ottomans to govern Egypt1841 he fought the Ottoman and became ruler
of EgyptReformed military, economyVery Western thinkingModernized cotton production (supplied cheap
cotton)
Suez CanalConnected Red Sea to Mediterranean.Built by French and EgyptiansWhen Egypt fell in $450 million debt, Britain
took financial control and later (1882) occupied Egypt.
This canal was the “Lifeline of the British Empire” because it allowed quicker access to its colonies in Asia and Africa.
Greek Independence- 1821
Ottoman land was valuableOttoman land was valuable1.1. Strategic location- landlocked countries had to Strategic location- landlocked countries had to
travel through to get to Black Sea (i.e. Russia)travel through to get to Black Sea (i.e. Russia)2.2. Oil in Persia and ArabiaOil in Persia and Arabia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png
The Crimean War-18531. Russia vs. Ottomans- Russia wanted land
along the Black Sea2. Britain and France helped the Ottomans to
prevent Russia from becoming too powerful3. Ottomans won BUT . . .
Showed weakness Began losing land anyway (Slavic people in
Balkans, parts of Africa) BY 1914- Ottoman Empire was about 1/3 of it’s
greatest size
Balkan Crisis (1876-1878)- Nationalism rises and Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro leave.
1839-1876More tolerance for non-MuslimsLegal reformSchools to teach Western Science and techTelegraph and telephone systemWomen in educationConstitution?Many conservatives disliked…Overwhelmed eventually”
Early 1900s “Young Turks” take control in 1908 and establish a Republic
Unfortunately the Ottomans side in WW1 with Germany…lose… and that’s the end.