Chapter 25 “America Moves to the City”. People Drawn to Cities Electric cars Electric cars High rises High rises Electricity Electricity Indoor plumbing.

Chapter 25Chapter 25

““America Moves to the City” America Moves to the City”

People Drawn to CitiesPeople Drawn to Cities

Electric carsElectric carsHigh risesHigh risesElectricity Electricity Indoor plumbingIndoor plumbingShoppingShopping

SearsSearsMontgomery WardsMontgomery Wards

JobsJobs

The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the world's first skyscraper

Chicago Skyscraper

Brooklyn BridgeBrooklyn Bridge On May 25, 1883 the On May 25, 1883 the

New York boroughs of New York boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn Manhattan and Brooklyn were linked with the were linked with the opening of the Brooklyn opening of the Brooklyn Bridge. The bridge was Bridge. The bridge was the first steel suspension the first steel suspension bridge erected in the bridge erected in the United States. It was built United States. It was built at a cost of $16 million at a cost of $16 million and 26 lives. When it and 26 lives. When it opened, the Brooklyn opened, the Brooklyn Bridge was the longest Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the suspension bridge in the world. world.

Bridge in 1910

Akashi Kaikyo BridgeAkashi Kaikyo Bridge Japan Japan

The The Akashi-Kaikyō BridgeAkashi-Kaikyō Bridge also known as also known as Pearl BridgePearl Bridge in in Japan was completed in 1998 Japan was completed in 1998 and is the world's longest and is the world's longest suspension bridge (measure suspension bridge (measure by the length of the centre by the length of the centre span of span of 1,991 metres (6,532 ft). It links 1,991 metres (6,532 ft). It links the city of Kobe on the the city of Kobe on the mainland of Honshū to Iwaya mainland of Honshū to Iwaya on Awaji Island by crossing the on Awaji Island by crossing the busy Akashi Strait. It carries busy Akashi Strait. It carries the part of the Honshū-Shikoku the part of the Honshū-Shikoku Highway. Highway.

22ndnd Oldest Trolley Oldest Trolley

Problems in CitiesProblems in Cities

SlumsSlumsCrimeCrimeFilthFilthStenchStenchDiseaseDiseaseTenement housesTenement housesPolitical MachinesPolitical Machines

SlumsSlums

Dumbbell Tenement HouseDumbbell Tenement House

Old ImmigrationOld Immigration

Up to 1880 – Immigrants from the British Up to 1880 – Immigrants from the British Isles and Western EuropeIsles and Western EuropeAnglo-Saxon and fair skinnedAnglo-Saxon and fair skinnedProtestantProtestantCame from democratic countriesCame from democratic countriesEducated and found decent jobsEducated and found decent jobs

New ImmigrationNew Immigration

1880 – 19301880 – 1930Came from Southern and Eastern EuropeCame from Southern and Eastern Europe

Italians, Greeks, PolesItalians, Greeks, PolesLittle democratic historyLittle democratic historyPreferred cities for jobsPreferred cities for jobsMostly illiterate and accepted low paying jobs Mostly illiterate and accepted low paying jobs

which drove down wageswhich drove down wagesLived exclusively (Little Italys)Lived exclusively (Little Italys)**Schools were the melting pots**Schools were the melting pots

New York’s Little ItalyNew York’s Little Italy

Political MachinesPolitical Machines

Immigrants were Immigrants were often controlled by often controlled by powerful “bosses” powerful “bosses” (such as New York’s (such as New York’s Boss Tweed) who Boss Tweed) who provided jobs and provided jobs and shelter in return for shelter in return for political support at political support at the polls.the polls.

Jane Addams and the Hull HouseJane Addams and the Hull House

Hull HouseHull House

NativismNativism The “nativism” and antiforeignism of the 1840s and The “nativism” and antiforeignism of the 1840s and

50s came back in the 1880s, as the Germans and 50s came back in the 1880s, as the Germans and western Europeans looked down upon the Eastern western Europeans looked down upon the Eastern European immigrants European immigrants

Trade unionists resented them for their willingness to Trade unionists resented them for their willingness to work for low wages and for bringing in dangerous work for low wages and for bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism and communism to the U.S.doctrines like socialism and communism to the U.S.

Literacy test - for immigrants were proposed, but were Literacy test - for immigrants were proposed, but were resisted until they finally passed in 1917resisted until they finally passed in 1917

Quotas – limited number of immigrants from specific Quotas – limited number of immigrants from specific countriescountries

Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act Gentleman’s AgreementGentleman’s Agreement

Anti-ImmigrationAnti-Immigration

Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty The statue was presented to the U.S. by France on July The statue was presented to the U.S. by France on July

4, 1884 as an expression of friendship and the ideal of 4, 1884 as an expression of friendship and the ideal of liberty shared by both peoples.  The statue was then liberty shared by both peoples.  The statue was then shipped to the United States.  It was dedicated on shipped to the United States.  It was dedicated on October 28, 1886. October 28, 1886.

She wears a crown of 7 spikes that stand for light of She wears a crown of 7 spikes that stand for light of liberty on the 7 seas and 7 continents. liberty on the 7 seas and 7 continents.

The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island at the The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor in Upper New York Bay. entrance to New York Harbor in Upper New York Bay. She sits atop the star shaped Ft. Hood She sits atop the star shaped Ft. Hood

The statue stands 151 feet high from feet to torch The statue stands 151 feet high from feet to torch

View of the StatueView of the Statue

from the Worldfrom the World

Trade CenterTrade Center

ObservatoryObservatory

ReligionReligion

Catholics and Jews benefited from New Catholics and Jews benefited from New ImmigrationImmigration

Protestant numbers sufferedProtestant numbers suffered By 1900 Catholicism was the largest By 1900 Catholicism was the largest

denominationdenomination In 1859, Charles Darwin published his In 1859, Charles Darwin published his On the On the

Origin of SpeciesOrigin of Species, which set forth the new , which set forth the new doctrine of evolutionism and attracted the ire doctrine of evolutionism and attracted the ire and fury of religious fundamentalists.and fury of religious fundamentalists.

Modernists vs FundamentalistsModernists vs Fundamentalists

EducationEducation A new trend began in the creation of more A new trend began in the creation of more

public schools.public schools. Catholic schools also grew in popularity and in Catholic schools also grew in popularity and in

number number To partially help adults who couldn’t go to To partially help adults who couldn’t go to

school, the Chautauqua movement, a school, the Chautauqua movement, a successor to the lyceums, was launched in successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1874, and it included public lectures to many 1874, and it included public lectures to many people by famous writers and extensive at-people by famous writers and extensive at-home studies home studies

Americans began to develop a faith in formal Americans began to develop a faith in formal education as a solution to poverty education as a solution to poverty

1900 School in Kentucky1900 School in Kentucky

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington The South, war-torn and poor, lagged far behind in education, The South, war-torn and poor, lagged far behind in education,

especially for Blacks, so Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave especially for Blacks, so Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave came to help, starting by heading a black normal and industrial came to help, starting by heading a black normal and industrial school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and teaching the students their school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and teaching the students their useful skills and trades.useful skills and trades.

The school taught academic subjects but emphasized a practical The school taught academic subjects but emphasized a practical education. This included farming, carpentry, brickmaking, education. This included farming, carpentry, brickmaking, shoemaking, printing and cabinetmaking shoemaking, printing and cabinetmaking

However, he avoided the issue of However, he avoided the issue of socialsocial equality; he believed in equality; he believed in Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights.Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights.

One of Washington’s students was George Washington Carver, One of Washington’s students was George Washington Carver, who later discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet who later discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans potatoes, and soybeans

Wrote “Wrote “Up from Slavery”Up from Slavery”

Tuskegee UniversityTuskegee University

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois W.E.B. DuBois, the first W.E.B. DuBois, the first

Black to get a Ph.D. from Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University, Harvard University, demanded complete equality demanded complete equality for Blacks and action now, for Blacks and action now, and he also founded the and he also founded the National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910 People (NAACP) in 1910

Wrote “Wrote “The Souls of Black The Souls of Black FolkFolk“ where he dedicated a “ where he dedicated a chapter to criticism of chapter to criticism of Washington’s stance on civil Washington’s stance on civil rightsrights

Colleges and UniversitiesColleges and Universities Colleges and universities sprouted after the Civil War, and Colleges and universities sprouted after the Civil War, and

colleges for women, such as Vassar, were gaining ground.colleges for women, such as Vassar, were gaining ground. Also, colleges to both genders also grew, especially in the Also, colleges to both genders also grew, especially in the

Midwest, and Black colleges also were established, such as Midwest, and Black colleges also were established, such as Howard University in Washington D.C., Atlanta University, and Howard University in Washington D.C., Atlanta University, and Hampton Institute in Virginia.Hampton Institute in Virginia.

The Morrill Act of 1862 had provided a generous grant of the The Morrill Act of 1862 had provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education and was public lands to the states for support of education and was extended by the Hatch Act of 1887, which provided federal funds extended by the Hatch Act of 1887, which provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.connection with the land-grant colleges.

Private donations also went toward the establishment of colleges, Private donations also went toward the establishment of colleges, including Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and the University of including Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and the University of Chicago, which was funded by John D. Rockefeller.Chicago, which was funded by John D. Rockefeller.

John Hopkins University maintained the nation’s first high-grade John Hopkins University maintained the nation’s first high-grade graduate school graduate school

Cornell University

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur French chemist and microbiologist He French chemist and microbiologist He

is remembered for his remarkable is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of disease. His preventions of disease. His discoveries reduced mortality from discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies. His first vaccine for rabies. His experiments supported the germ experiments supported the germ theory of disease. He was best known theory of disease. He was best known to the general public for inventing a to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurizationto be called pasteurization

Joseph ListerJoseph Lister

His introduction in His introduction in 1867 of carbolic acid 1867 of carbolic acid spray in hospitals to spray in hospitals to kill pathogenic kill pathogenic microbes reduced the microbes reduced the mortality rate in major mortality rate in major surgery from perhaps surgery from perhaps 45% to around 15%. 45% to around 15%.

PressPress

Libraries such as the Library of Congress also Libraries such as the Library of Congress also opened across America, bringing literature into opened across America, bringing literature into people’s homes.people’s homes.

With the invention of the Linotype in 1885, the With the invention of the Linotype in 1885, the newspapers became accessible to almost newspapers became accessible to almost everyone. Exaggerated or false stories called everyone. Exaggerated or false stories called Yellow Journalism emerged in an effort to sell Yellow Journalism emerged in an effort to sell more papersmore papers

Two new journalistic tycoons emerged: Joseph Two new journalistic tycoons emerged: Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.

ReformReform

Another journalist-author was Henry George, Another journalist-author was Henry George, who wrote who wrote Progress and PovertyProgress and Poverty, which , which undertook to solve the association of poverty undertook to solve the association of poverty with progress with progress

It was he who came up with the idea of the It was he who came up with the idea of the graduated income tax graduated income tax

Edward Bellamy published Edward Bellamy published Looking BackwardLooking Backward in 1888, in which he criticized the social in 1888, in which he criticized the social injustices of the day and pictured a utopian injustices of the day and pictured a utopian government that had nationalized big business government that had nationalized big business to serve the public good.to serve the public good.

Mark TwainMark Twain

Mark Twain, 1907Courtesy The Mark Twain House, Hartford

Stephen CraneStephen Crane

This adaptation of This adaptation of Stephen Crane's Stephen Crane's classic novel follows classic novel follows the experience of a the experience of a raw recruit to the raw recruit to the Union Army through Union Army through his first two days of his first two days of battle. battle.

Jack LondonJack London The Call of the WildThe Call of the Wild, ,

considered by many London's considered by many London's greatest novel, is a gripping greatest novel, is a gripping tale of a heroic dog who, thrust tale of a heroic dog who, thrust into the brutal life of the Alaska into the brutal life of the Alaska Gold Rush, ultimately faces a Gold Rush, ultimately faces a choice between living in a choice between living in a man's world and returning to man's world and returning to nature. Adventure and dog-nature. Adventure and dog-story enthusiasts as well as story enthusiasts as well as students and devotees of students and devotees of American literature will find this American literature will find this classic work a thrilling, classic work a thrilling, memorable reading memorable reading experience experience

Women and FamiliesWomen and Families

Urban life was stressful on families, who often Urban life was stressful on families, who often were separated, and everyone had to work—were separated, and everyone had to work—even children as young as ten years old even children as young as ten years old

Feminists rallied toward suffrage, forming the Feminists rallied toward suffrage, forming the National American Woman Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, an organization led by Association in 1890, an organization led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the woman who Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the woman who organized the first women’s rights convention organized the first women’s rights convention in 1848, and Susan B. Anthony.in 1848, and Susan B. Anthony.

The Wyoming Territory was the first to offer The Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in 1869.women unrestricted suffrage in 1869.

Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Prohibition of Alcohol and Social ProgressProgress

Concern over the overconsumption of alcohol Concern over the overconsumption of alcohol was also present, marked by the formation of the was also present, marked by the formation of the National Prohibition Party in 1869 National Prohibition Party in 1869

Other organizations like the Women’s Christian Other organizations like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union also rallied against alcohol, Temperance Union also rallied against alcohol, calling for a national prohibition of the beverage calling for a national prohibition of the beverage

Leaders included Frances E. Willard and Carrie Leaders included Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation A. Nation

Mary CassattMary Cassatt

Barnum and BaileyBarnum and Bailey