ldquoWhen you take a flower in your hand andreally look at itrdquo OrsquoKeeffe said cupping herhand and holding it close to her face ldquoitrsquosyour world for the moment I want to givethat world to someone else Most people inthe city rush around so they have no time tolook at a flower I want them to see itwhether they want to or notrdquo
much attention when thefirst of her many floralscenes was exhibited inNew York in 1924Everything about thesepaintingsmdashtheir colorsize point of view andstylemdashoverwhelmed theviewerrsquos senses just as theircreator had intended
In describing her huge paintingsof solitary flowers Georgia OrsquoKeeffe said ldquoI decided that I wasnrsquot going to spend my lifedoing what had already been donerdquo Indeed shedid do what had not been done by paintingenormous poppies lilies and irises on giant can-vases Her use of colors and emphasis on shapessuggests nature rather than copying it with pho-tographic realism Her work can be described asabstract ldquoI found that I could say things withcolor and shapes that I couldnrsquot say in any otherwaymdashthings that I had no words forrdquo she said
The viewerrsquos eye is drawn into theflowerrsquos heart In this early representation ofone of her familiar poppies OrsquoKeeffe directedthe viewerrsquos eye down into the poppyrsquos center bycontrasting the light tints of the outer ring ofpetals with the darkness of the poppyrsquos center
The viewerrsquos eye is drawn to the center of theflower much as the flower naturally attracts aninsect for reproduction purposes The over-whelming size and detailed interiors ofOrsquoKeeffersquos flowers give an effect similar to aphotographerrsquos close-up camera angle
During her long life OrsquoKeeffe created hun-dreds of paintings Her subjects included the flow-ers for which she is perhaps most famous as wellas other botanical themes Her paintings of NewMexico deserts are characterized by sweepingforms that portray sunsets rocks and cliffs
Georgia OrsquoKeeffe died in New Mexico in1986 She is remembered for her bold vividpaintings that are indeed larger than life
(l)Paul StrandNational Portrait Gallery Smithsonian InstitutionArt Resource NY (r)Art Resource NYThe Georgia OrsquoKeeffe FoundationArtists Rights Society New York
Critique Itrsquos easy to identify the flowers inOrsquoKeeffersquos paintings but can they be consideredscientific models Look at the poppy flower photo-graph on page 957 of this book Write a critiquethat evaluates each of these modelsmdashOrsquoKeeffersquospoppy and the photographmdashaccording to its ade-quacy in representing a poppy flower
Section 231
Section 232
Key Concepts Most plant tissues are composed of
parenchyma cells collenchyma cells and sclerenchyma cells
Dermal tissue is a plantrsquos protective covering Xylem moves water and dissolved minerals
up from roots and throughout the plantPhloem transports sugars and organiccompounds throughout the plant
Ground tissue often functions in food production and storage
Meristematic tissues undergo cell divisionsMost plant growth results from new cellsproduced in the meristems
Vocabularyapical meristem (p 611)collenchyma (p 606)companion cell (p 610)cork cambium (p 611)epidermis (p 607)guard cell (p 607)meristem (p 611)parenchyma (p 605)phloem (p 610)sclerenchyma (p 606)sieve tube member
(p 610)stomata (p 607)tracheid (p 608)trichome (p 607)vascular cambium
(p 611)vessel element (p 608)xylem (p 608)
Plant Cells andTissues
Vocabularycortex (p 613)endodermis (p 613)mesophyll (p 618)pericycle (p 614)petiole (p 618)root cap (p 615)sink (p 617)translocation (p 617)transpiration (p 619)
CHAPTER 23 ASSESSMENT 629(t)Microfiled Scientific LTDScience Photo LibraryPhoto Researchers (c)Runk-SchoenbergerGrant Heilman Photography (b)Runk-SchoenbergerGrant Heilman Photography
To help you reviewplant structure and function use theOrganizational Study Fold on page 605
STUDY GUIDESTUDY GUIDE
Vocabularyauxin (p 622)cytokinin (p 623)ethylene (p 623)gibberellin (p 623)hormone (p 622)nastic movement
(p 625)tropism (p 624)
PlantResponses
Section 233
Roots Stemsand Leaves
Color-enhanced SEM Magnification 200
Key Concepts Roots anchor plants and contain vascular
tissues Root hairs absorb water oxygenand dissolved minerals A root cap coversand protects each root tip
Stems provide support contain vasculartissues and produce leaves Some stemsare underground
Leaves undergo photosynthesis A stoma is an opening in the leaf epidermis is sur-rounded by two guard cells and takes inand releases gases Veins in leaves are bundles of vascular tissues
Key Concepts Plant hormones affect plant growth and
functions Tropisms are growth responses to external
stimuli Some nastic responses are caused by
changes in cell pressure
ncbdolglencoecomvocabulary_puzzlemaker
0622-0631 C23 S3 BDOL-829900 8404 1106 PM Page 629
630 CHAPTER 23 ASSESSMENT
Review the Chapter 23 vocabulary words listed inthe Study Guide on page 629 For each set ofvocabulary words choose the one that does notbelong Explain why it does not belong
1 parenchymamdashsclerenchymamdashapical meristem2 vessel elementmdashsieve tube membermdash
companion cell3 stomatamdashvascular cambiummdashepidermis4 root capmdashtranslocationmdashsink5 cytokininmdashhormonemdashtropism
6 The tissue that makes up the protective covering of a plant is ________ tissueA vascular C groundB meristematic D dermal
7 This root cross sectionwith a core of vasculartissue is typical of________ plantsA horsetailB monocotC dicotD moss
8 A cambium and a meristem are examples of________ tissuesA support C growthB protective D transport
9 One of the primary structural differencesbetween dicot roots and stems is the________A arrangement of vascular tissues in roots
and stemsB presence of stomata in roots C lack of an epidermis in stemsD presence of an apical meristem in stems
only10 The ripening of fruit is stimulated by the
presence of ________A gibberellinB ethyleneC auxinD cytokinin
11 Which diagram correctly shows the func-tioning of guard cells
A
B
12 Which terms complete this concept mapA tracheids and
vessel elementsB companion cells
and fibersC tracheids and
sieve tubesD companion cells
and sieve tubes
13 Open Ended In late winter some sugarmaple trees have holes drilled in their trunksin order to collect their sap a sugary fluidThis sap is processed to make maple syrupExplain the source of the sap and identify theplant system and subsystem that contains it
14 Open Ended How does the endodermiscontrol the flow of water and ions into rootvascular tissues
15 Compare and Contrast Identify and ana-lyze characteristics of plant systems and subsystems
16 More than5000 products are made from the vasculartissues of about 1000 tree species in theUnited States Investigate the production oflumber paper fuel charcoal and its prod-ucts fabrics maple syrup spices dyes anddrugs that come from vascular tissues Visit
to research these topics Prepare and present a poster or multimedia presentation of your findings
REAL WORLD BIOCHALLENGE
Water
Water
Water istransported in
is composed of
6xylem
ncbdolglencoecom
ncbdolglencoecomchapter_test
0622-0631 C23 S3 BDOL-829900 8404 1107 PM Page 630
Multiple ChoiceUse data in the graph below to answer questions17 and 18
17 Copper is an important soil micronutrientfor plants According to the graph the cop-per concentration that resulted in the wood-iest stem is ________A 3 ppmB 05 ppmC 15 ppmD 4 ppm
18 Without enough copper branches of someconifers twist as they grow If you were atree grower and some of your conifer treesrsquobranches were twisted and bent what is thecorrect course of action to take firstA Water the trees moreB Apply fertilizerC Test the soil to determine
nutrient levelsD Apply a pesticide
Leaf samples from the same plant species werecollected from four different locations Stomatawere counted and averaged and the data weregraphed as shown below Use the graph toanswer questions 19 and 20
19 In which location might there be the mostrainfallA State AB State BC State CD State D
20 How might the number of stomata correlatewith the amount of rainfallA more stomata less rainfallB no stomata no rainfallC more stomata more rainfallD fewer stomata more rainfall
Nu
mb
er o
f st
om
ata
leaf
Origin of leavesState A State B State C State D
Comparison of Numbers of Stomata
Rat
ing
Copper concentrationparts per million (ppm)
0
0 1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
Stem Woodiness
Constructed ResponseGrid InRecord your answers on your answer document
21 Open Ended Sometimes foresters kill selected trees to reduce competition for limited environ-mental resources They often use a process called girdling that involves removing a band of barkand some wood from around the trunk of a tree Once this circle of material is removed the treeeventually dies Explain why this can happen
22 Open Ended In the last decade over three million acres of privately owned forested land hasbeen converted to agricultural uses real estate development and other uses Describe whatmight be the biological and ecological results of these changes
CHAPTER 23 ASSESSMENT 631ncbdolglencoecomstandardized_test
The assessed North Carolina objective appears next to the question
102
402
403
503
102
103
0622-0631 C23 S3 BDOL-829900 8404 1108 PM Page 631