Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals. Metternich.

Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals

Metternich

Alexander I

Name two more major players Great Britain- Castlereagh France – Talleyrand

What was the Congress supporting Liberalism Legitimacy Conservative Values Nationalism Balance of Power Destruction of France Create more powerful countries on the

French border

Opposing Ideas growing from the French Revolution

Liberalism- participation in the government – individual freedoms

speech press assemble freedom from arbitrary arrest petition the govt. religion private enterprise

Nationalism – Love and belonging to a nation state Language and Romanticism

Utopian Socialism –”Utopia” Thomas More Marxist Socialism

Germany- The Home of Romanticism

Herder 1772 – Treatise on the Origin of Language . “Spew out the ugly language of the Seine. Speak German O you German.”

From language comes culture The Sturm un Drang – The Storm and Stress The Volksgeist- The peoples spirit

Hegel- 1820- Sturm un Drang

Thesis VS. Antithesis (contradictions and negations) = Synthesis

From this comes culture or the “Volksgeist”

Form of the “Dialectic” Method Major influence on Marx

Utopian Socialism-Social Engineering Robert Owen – Creates Social

industrial communities Based on the belief that no one is

responsible for his actions – products of our environment

Opposition to religion –made mankind a

“a weak imbecile animal, a furious bigot and a fanatic.”

New Harmony Indiana

Greek Independence- Western Romantic Cause and Anti-Islamic response. (1820)

Lord Byron

Byron’s Death

Liberation of Greece Classical Greece was appreciated

by western powers Greece was Christian and

dominated by the Islamic Turks A romantic cause Lord Byron

1815 France – Louis XVIII

Coronation of Charles X “La Cruche”

Revolutions of 1830 Charles attempts to suppress

reform

To The Barricades!

French army refuses to fire on the citizens

The Revolution of 1830 in France Louis XVIII’s constitutional monarchy

held many liberal reforms Upper and lower houses were created Only a small % of people could vote Charles X – is reactionary against

liberalism and attempts a coup in July of 1830 – led by an upper middle class

Three days later Charles is forced to flee

Louis-Philippe “The Citizen King” “The Pear”

Louis Philippe – “The Citizen King” Nothing changes from the original

charter. The wealthy noble elite tighten

control of the government

A Democratic Republic in France Louis Philippe govt. did little to

sponsor election reform, and was filled with corruption.

“To the barricades” Feb 22 1848 Parisians revolt. Two days later “the pear” abdicates

The Revolution of 1848 Social ideologies combined with

severe economic crisis Only most advanced and most

backward were not involved In the end the revolutions failed

France -The Forming of the Second Republic – depression and high unemployment Issues – Radicals wanted

Universal male suffrage Freeing slaves in the colonies Strong element of utopian socialism Government sponsored workshops

instead of capitalism

Moderates

Wanted temporary reliefBut…National workshops were little more

then pick and shovel programsThen…Hundreds of thousands stream into

Paris to try to join for jobs

Socialism grows and many are Afraid… A clash of ideologies Middle class is worried Peasants that own land are worried The middle class and upper class bond

over the issue of private property The new assembly drops Blanc the main

socialist leader Socialist uprising is suppressed my the

middle class national guard While the workshops became more radical The govt. closes the workshops in Paris

and gives the poor an option to join the army of go to the workshops in the provinces

The Result Violent uprisings “To the barricades” The June Days – 10,000 wounded or

dead The revolt was suppressed Louis Napoleon –nephew of

Napoleon wins a landslide election as he promises to defend those that own property.

Napoleon III He becomes

emperor Safety over liberty Actually is Very

Moderate Rebuilds Paris

Wider streets Easier to move

army to problem spots

The Carbonari- Secret organizations Bent on reforms

Liberal reform in Great Britain Late 18th century 8% of the

population could vote French Revolution makes upper-

class fear uprising and they begin to suppress revolts In Great Britain …Corn Laws –

Suppressed the importation of foreign grain

Riots begin and freedoms are removed Battle of Peterloo – (Waterloo)

Backlash Leads to Reform Commercial groups wanted same

rights as landed gentry Tory Govt. moves to accommodate

Greater economic liberalism More pay for the poor Civil liberties for Catholics Revise the Corn Laws

The House of Commons Takes over Reform Bill I 1832 Northern manufacturing enterprises

gain more power as population shifts Increases the voters by about 50% The Chartist Movement

Universal male suffrage denied but begins the emergence of “mass politics”

mass protests worked Ten Hours Act of 1847

The Great Famine – Ireland

English landowners took advantage of Irish Catholics

Despite horrible conditions population climbed

The Potato Feed more people Grew easily Allowed many to marry younger

The Blight – 1845-’50 Mass starvation England is slow to act Tenants that could not pay rent were

evicted In the 19th century Ireland was the only

country in Europe to experience a population decline.

Stirred anti-British feelings – “ Home Rule”

The Great famine… Irish became dependant upon the

potato Population grows Government “slow to act.” (genocide)

Concepts of free trade – whatever Corn Act was repealed too late

1.5 mil die 1 mil immigrate 1845 -1911 population declines from

8 mil to 4.4 mil

Many Pre-revolutionary Outbreaks Bad harvests

1846-Austria and Switzerland 1847 - Naples

Timeline Timeline--Revolutions of 1848 1846-1849: Economic depression was spread throughout Europe. It was marked by rising food prices after a poor harvest and the recession that followed the industrial expansionin the early 1840s. 22,

1848: One of many banquets to protest the government's inflexibility was planned, but he government banned it. Crowds began to gather in the streets and minor skirmishes with police erupted. Workers who could have never afforded tickets to the banquet constructed barricades. The revolution had begun.

February 24, 1848: After the National Guard refused to cheer for their king, Louis Phillipe, he abdicated to his grandson. The Second Republic was declared from the Hotel de Ville. The cabinet was confirmed by a crowd outside the hotel.

March 3, 1848: Lajos Kossuth called for a representative government in front of the Hungarian Diet. March 3, 1848: Revolution broke out in the Rhineland. March 12, 1848: Revolution broke out in Vienna. March 15, 1848: Revolution broke out in Berlin. March 18, 1848: Revolution broke out in Milan. The papal states were given a constitution and the Milanese defeated the Austrians. March 22, 1848: Revolution broke out in Venice and the Venetian Republic was reestablished. All of these revolutions followed the same pattern: The news of revolution in France would attract excited

crowds, groups of men (mostly journalists, lawyers, and students) met to discuss the rumors. The government, in fear of revolution, would call out the army, which would begin to skirmish with the citizenry. Barricades would come up and mob action would ensue. It is important to note that these revolutions took place in one city and that not all of the countries involved declared a republic, only their capitals did.

March, 1848: 600 delegates meet in Frankfurt in a preparliamentary assembly and called for a universal manhood suffrage electio to form a national assembly to govern a unified Germany. May, 1848: 830 delegates met in Frankfurt, mostly from the small states in the liberal West. Began to form a democratic constitution that gave the assembly itself executive control over a unified Germany. May, 1848: As Hungary began to gain autonmy, Austrians began to demand a representative government. Metternich resigned and universal manhood suffrage was granted. May, 1848: As unwilling parts of the Hungarian Republic, the Croats, Czechs, and Rumanians begin to demand a similar autonmy as that granted to Hungary. May, 1848: Piedmont declared war on Austria with a papl blessing and his troops, but Pius IX soon pulled out saying he could not fight a Catholic Austria. The Piedmontese seemed overwhelmed, but had

managed to win a battle by the end of May. June 24-26, 1848: after the government dissolved the national workshops, the lower class revolted and were crushed by republican troops. Over a thousand people were killed in three days and thousands

more were sent to prison or exile. This conflict between classes is known as June Days and was the evidence that proved to Karl Marx that democracy couldn't work. June, 1848: The pan-Slav congress met in Prague after the Czechs refused to send representatives to the Frankfurt Assembly felling that Slavs should not be subject to the will of Germans. July, 1848: Austrians attack Piedmont and overwhelmingly defeat it. Troops march into Milan. September, 1848: Riots erupt in Frankfurt. The Assembly is forced to call for Prussian and Austrian aid to resore peace. October, 1848: Austrians use Croatian sentiments for autonomy to march into Vienna and beat it into submission. November, 1848: Appointed Prime Minister of the Papal States Pelligrino Rossi is assassinated and the pope flees to Genoa. The Romans take this opportunity to declare the Roman Republic. December, 1848: Nation-wide elections in france give Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 70% of the popular vote. December, 1848: Prince Felix con Schwarzenberg fills Metternich's post and convinces Ferdinand I to abdicate to his 18 year old son Francis Joseph I. January, 1849: Austria invades Hungary, is pushed back. March, 1849: Piedmont declares war on Austria. A strong Austrian victory places Italy firmly back into Austria's hands. March, 1849: The Frankfurt Assembly finally completes the German constitution and elects Frederick William IV of Prussia as German emperor. When he refuses to rule the revolutionary state, the

Assembly dissolves. New revolutions arise in the Rhineland, Saxony, and Bavaria. May, 1849: Neopolitan armies retake all of Sicily. The Roman Republic bows to Frnch troops and is restored to the pope. June, 1849: With the aid of Prussian troops, Austria quashes the revolutions in the Rhineland, Saxony, and Bavaria. June, 1849: Russians intervene and seal the fate of the Hungarian Republic, which is plagued by constant onslaught from the Austrians and dissentions from the Croats, Slavs, and Romanians. August, 1849: The Venetian Republic falls to Cholera and starvation.   February

1848 Austria Empire Begins as a nationalist movement in

Hungary- full autonomy Monarchs response is slow and weak Liberals want written constitution Peasants allied with Middle class

liberals Students serve as shock troops Aristocrats give in to demands

Conservatives Recover Conservatives play of fears of

nationalist movements to gain autonomy

Sophia “ you all gave in to a mess of students.”

Troops are assembled and crush the revolts

Russian troops under Czar Nicky pour into Hungary.

1848 Prussia Fall of Louis Philippe encourages

Prussian liberals to assert demands Riots erupt Frederick Wilhelm IV caves in Socialists demands trouble middle-

class allies Dispute with Denmark unifies

German nationalism King disbands the assembly