Chapter 23. Age of Revolution Export of W. European institutions (United States and Australia) Changes that take place in this period (1750-1914)

THE EMERGENCE OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY IN THE

WEST, 1750-1914Chapter 23

Themes:

Age of Revolution Export of W. European institutions (United

States and Australia) Changes that take place in this period (1750-

1914) United States Germany Alliances

Age of Revolutions

1770’s-1780’s American Revolution (1775) French Revolution (1789)

Reasons for Revolution Enlightenment thinking (called for religious, economic,

technological changes) Commerce (challenges power of aristocrats, new ways of

production) Population Revolution: population growth after 1730 (control of

diseased animals, nutrition) Hard to gain higher positions, more people in working classes Expansion of manufacturing Changes in working class: urban dress, premarital sex increases,

parental authority declines, youthful independence

Why are people revolting against monarchs in the late 1700s?

The American Revolution Britain’s colonies rebel in 1775

War for independence Resistance to taxes and trade controls, restriction of movement to

frontier “No taxation without representation” Stamp Act: tax on documents and pamphlets

New opportunities in political office, decline of agriculture New Government- 1776

Declaration of Independence Creation of Army

Reasons for U.S. victory: Persistence of revolutionaries Poor decisions by British military U.S. support from the French

1789: Constitution written Based on Enlightenment ideas Three branches of government, checks and balances, protection of

liberties, voting rights One of the most advanced in the world at the time

What concepts did the founding fathers take from Enlightenment thinkers?

The French Revolution

The French Revolution 1789 Revolutionary ideas in Europe:

Ideological: Enlightenment ideas of limiting power of the Catholic church, aristocracy, monarchy

Middle class wants political role Peasants want freedom from landlords

demands Reasons for revolution in France

Aristocrats tighten power Government ineffective Economic slump 1787-1788

First Estate1% of the Population

Clergy of the RCC

Second Estate2% of the Population

Rich Nobles

Third Estate97% of the Population

Bourgeoisie – Upper ClassWorkers – Middle ClassPeasants – Low Class

You should know this.

How might France’s trend toward absolutism be contributing to the impending revolution?

The French Revolution Louis XVI calls meeting to parliament to

discuss tax reform, middle class wants to vote with majority, street riots in Paris, King caves, revolution begins

French Revolution: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen:

proclaims freedom of thought, natural rights Storming of the Bastille (July 14) becomes symbol

of revolution Peasants seize manorial records abolishing

manoralism, giving peasants title to the land Rule of aristocrats is cut, power of the church is

attacked and land seized Constitution: individual rights, powerful

parliament, adult males with property could vote

What were the key events leading to the revolution?

What role does propaganda play in the revolution?

Radical Phase of the French Revolution

1792-1799 Reforms spark opposition in the name of the

church and aristocracy Monarchs in Britain, Prussia, and Austria were

opposed to the Revolution Radical leaders take over and want to push the

revolution forward Maximilien Robespierre- Leader of radical phase

Inspired by democratic ideas of Rousseau, elected to rev. assemblies, prosecuted king, took leadership of government, put down factions, centralized government Reign of Terror

Abolish monarchy, use guillotine to behead the king and opponents

Why do you think the French Revolution became so violent compared to others? What are the problems unique to France?

You should know this.

How is the rest of Europe viewing the revolution?

Radical Phase of the French Revolution

“Cult of the Supreme Being” to replace Catholicism Revolutionary Reforms: (Not all put into practice, some

reversed) universal male suffrage, metric system of weights and measures, slavery abolished in French colonies, universal military conscription

Armies gain success and territories (Low Countries, Italy, Germany)

Didn’t do things people would support, convinced he knew their will

Calls for another purge of moderates, but arrested and guillotined

Nationalism: new feelings of loyalty to France develop National Anthem- worlds first “Come, children of the

nation, the day of glory has arrived.”

What are the positive outcomes of the “radical phase”? What are the negative outcomes?

The Death of Jean MaratHow do these pieces of art illustrate POV?

What can you predict about the course of French government from the picture?

Authoritarian Phase of the French Revolution

Started by General Napoleon Bonaparte Reduces parliament to a rubber stamp Powerful police limit freedom of expression

Gains: Religious freedom Equality for men in laws Secondary schools and universities for training

bureaucrats Desire for Expansion:

Wars against all major powers of Europe and Russia

1812: Holds most of W. Europe or controlled them as satellite nations

How did Napoleon use his authority to fix France?

Fall of the French Empire1812: Attempt to invade Russia fails as French armies died in the cold winter1814-1815: British alliance crushes the emperor

LegacyConquest spreads revolutionary legislation across Europe (equality under law, attacks on aristocracy, church, guilds)Spread of popular nationalism to Europe and growth of nationalism in France

How did Napoleon help the rest of Europe (by being the bad guy)?

Congress of Vienna Allies who defeated the French meet at Vienna in 1815 to reach

peace settlement and end possibilities of future rebellions Did not punish France too severely, wanted to restore balance of power

in Europe Gains for Prussia in Germany, Piedmont in Italy Britain gains colonies Russia maintains hold over Poland Keeps Europe stable for half a century

New Political thoughts develop out of Vienna Conservatism: opposed to revolutionary goals in Europe, wanted to

restore Monarchy in France Liberals: focus on political structure, looked to limit state interference in

individual life, urged representation of people in government, constitutional rule, protection of religion, press, assembly, support better education, promote industry

Radicals: accept most liberal demands, but want wider voting rights, outright democracy, social reforms for lower classes

Nationalists: allied with liberals or radicals, urged the importance of national unity and glory

You should know this.

Why did the Congress of Vienna keep Europe stable for 50 years?

Other Revolts

1820: Greek Revolution: revolt against Ottoman rule

1830: France: installed a different king and liberal monarchy Belgian Revolution: liberal regime, new independence

Other rebellions: Spain, Italy, Germany

Other Changes: United States allows universal adult male suffrage (slaves

excluded) Britain: Reform Bill of 1832- gives parliamentary vote to most

middle-class men By 1830’s France, Belgium, Britain, US, etc. have solid law making

bodies, protection of individual rights, and voting systems

What other nations revolted after France? Why does one revolution seem to beget 5 more?