Chapter 2.2 2.4

Native American CulturesNative American Cultures

Chapter 2.2Chapter 2.2

Where did they come from?Where did they come from?

• Most scientists agree the Native Americans came across a land bridge from Asia during the last ice age a little over 12,000 years ago. (However, some more recently discovered artifacts have them questioning this theory.)

http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist383/OriginalCalifornians.html

Early Cultures of N. AmericaEarly Cultures of N. America• Southwest- hot and dry

– Hohokams - irrigation ditches

– Anasazis -houses of adobe ( sun dried) brick

http://clio.missouristate.edu/lburt/Resources121/AnasazIndians_1.htm

Culture AreasCulture Areas

• Northwest Coast-Mild climate; potlatch ceremonial dinners with gift giving.

Read here for more info: http://www.umista.org/masks_story/en/ht/potlatch01.html

Culture AreasCulture Areas

• Southeast– Warm, moist climate

great for fishing and farming; the Natchez were in this area

Culture AreasCulture Areas

• Arctic – Groups like the Inuits

hunted seals in the arctic waters. They used all of the seal, including the meat, skin, fat, and bone.

Culture AreasCulture Areas

• Intermountain

– Groups like the Utes lived in cold, dry conditions unsuitable for farming. They gathered roots and hunted mountain sheep. http://uwlib5.uwyo.edu/omeka/

items/show/3230

The original artwork was from 1869.

Culture AreasCulture Areas• Great Plains-limited

rainfall– The Cheyenne and

other groups relied on the buffalo for basic needs.

What did they have in common?What did they have in common?

1. A deep respect for nature, including animals and the forces of nature…They believed that people must adapt to the natural world to maintain balance.

What did they have in common?What did they have in common?

2. Ceremonies at harvest

– Some Pueblo groups had Kachinas, spirits believed to bring good harvests, represented by masked dancers at their harvest ceremonies.

League of the Iroquois allied League of the Iroquois allied Eastern Woodland groupsEastern Woodland groups

• The Eastern Woodlands of NY were home to the Iroquois, the “People of the Long House.”

League of IroquoisLeague of Iroquois

• Led by 50 Iroquois sachems(tribal leaders)

• An alliance of the 5 Iroquois nations to end fighting between them

Iroquois WomenIroquois Women

Owned the household property

Planted and harvested the crops

Chose clan leaders

Trade Networks of Africa Trade Networks of Africa and Asiaand Asia

Chapter 2.3Chapter 2.3

• During the Middle Ages, the center of all trade was in the Arab world.

• Most Arab merchants practiced the religion of Islam. Followers of Islam are called Muslims.

• Muslims followed the teachings of Muhammad as they still do today. These teachings are found in the Qur’an.

• As they traded and made their annual pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, their religion spread, also.

• As Muslims traded with others in Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia, they began the 1st global age.

• The most famous trade route, although quite dangerous, was the Silk Road, which linked China with the Middle East.

• Initially, the Chinese were reluctant to trade with outsiders. It was an isolated empire.

• When a new emperor came to power in 1402, he sent Zheng He to Southeast Asia, Arabia, and Africa.

Navigator Number of Ships

Number of Crew

Zheng He (1405-1433)

48 to 317 28,000

Columbus (1492)

3 90

De Gama (1498)

4 ca. 160

Magellan (1521)

5 265

http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=10387

• Later emperors reverted to the closed door idea.

• In Africa the city-states in the East and the kingdoms of the West were the centers for trade. In between lay the great Sahara Desert.

• To the East was Zimbabwe, Kilwa, and Sofala. They spoke Swahili, and they were the ports that exported African gold, ivory, and hardwood to India and China.

This picture taken in the 1880’s in East Africa would be an illegal activity today.

• To the West were the gold rich empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

• The most important city was Timbuktu. It was the seat of culture and education, and the home of the most famous West African ruler, Mansa Musa.

Tradition and Change in Tradition and Change in EuropeEurope

Chapter 2.4Chapter 2.4

Jews and ChristiansJews and Christians

• Both believed in one God, who determined their laws and moral behaviors.

• Early Jewish (Hebrew or Israelite) law began with the 10 Commandments.

• Christians followed the teachings of Jesus, who they believed was the Messiah(Savior) promised to the Jews.

• During the time of the Roman Empire, Christians began sending missionaries throughout Europe to teach about Jesus.

Greeks and RomansGreeks and Romans• Greeks had practiced direct democracy, with

ordinary citizens voting.• Romans began as republic, with citizens

choosing representatives to govern them.

• Two things that helped the Roman Empire spread: Law- all were equal under the law Language-Latin connected people from

diverse regions. It is the basis for Romance languages today.

ROMANCE LANGUAGES:ItalianFrenchSpanish

PortugueseRomanian

The Crusades and TradeThe Crusades and Trade

• The “Holy Wars” between Christians and Muslims lasted about 200 years, from 1100 to 1300.

• European Christians gathered new ideas, new goods, and new technologies that they wanted to have back home.

During the RenaissanceDuring the Renaissance• Gutenberg invented

the printing press. More people had the opportunity to read.

• European rulers developed powerful monarchies, but couldn’t control Muslim and Italian merchants of the Mediterranean area. They sought new trade routes to Africa and Asia.

The Portuguese The Portuguese • Prince Henry developed

new ships and navigation schools.

• Bartholomeu Dias reached the tip of Africa.

• Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at Africa and across the Indian Ocean to India.