Chapter 20: The United States Looks Overseas

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Chapter 20:Chapter 20:The United States The United States Looks OverseasLooks Overseas

ObjectivesObjectives: :

Describe early attempts by the U.S. to expand in the Pacific.Describe early attempts by the U.S. to expand in the Pacific.

Identify reasons that the U.S. declared war on Spain.Identify reasons that the U.S. declared war on Spain.

Explain why and how the U.S. built the Panama canal.Explain why and how the U.S. built the Panama canal.

Opening Japan to Opening Japan to TradeTrade

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For 250 years, Japan blocked outside tradeFor 250 years, Japan blocked outside trade

1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Tokyo Bay and presented a 1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Tokyo Bay and presented a letter from POTUSletter from POTUS

Japan did not have the military to combat Perry’s warshipsJapan did not have the military to combat Perry’s warships

Japan agreed to open trade with U.S. – soon all European nations settled Japan agreed to open trade with U.S. – soon all European nations settled treaties with Japantreaties with Japan

The Japanese transformed their society within 50 years into a modern, The Japanese transformed their society within 50 years into a modern, Western nationWestern nation

Seward’s IceboxSeward’s Icebox

► Secretary of State William Secretary of State William H. Seward argued that the H. Seward argued that the nation's strategic interests nation's strategic interests favored the treaty. favored the treaty.

► Russia was open to the sale Russia was open to the sale of the territory because it of the territory because it needed the money to fund needed the money to fund its war with the British. its war with the British.

► The negotiations concluded The negotiations concluded at 4 o'clock in the morning at 4 o'clock in the morning of March 30, 1867 with the of March 30, 1867 with the purchase price set at purchase price set at $7,200,000 (about 1.9¢ per $7,200,000 (about 1.9¢ per acre). acre).

Reaction to Purchase of Reaction to Purchase of AlaskaAlaska

► Americans saw the purchase as a “folly”Americans saw the purchase as a “folly”

► Discovery of gold led to many settlers Discovery of gold led to many settlers

► Once there, they discovered the many natural resources of Once there, they discovered the many natural resources of AlaskaAlaska TimberTimber OilOil FursFurs MineralsMinerals

The Expansionist MoodThe Expansionist Mood

► IsolationismIsolationism – avoiding involvement in the – avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countriesaffairs of other countries

► ImperialismImperialism – building empires by imposing – building empires by imposing political and economic control over people political and economic control over people around the world.around the world.

• Prior to the 1850’s the United States had Prior to the 1850’s the United States had been strictly isolationist, but feared that it been strictly isolationist, but feared that it would be militarily vulnerable if it allowed would be militarily vulnerable if it allowed European nations to continue to colonize European nations to continue to colonize the Western Hemisphere.the Western Hemisphere.

The Turner Thesis The Turner Thesis

► Basically this theory Basically this theory states that the only states that the only reason the U.S. started to reason the U.S. started to build the empire was build the empire was because it had because it had “Manifested it’s Destiny”.“Manifested it’s Destiny”.

► Other theories for Other theories for imperialism in the U.S. imperialism in the U.S. included a sense of moral included a sense of moral obligation to “civilize” obligation to “civilize” the savages of the under the savages of the under developed world and the developed world and the race for economic race for economic influence abroad.influence abroad.

Reasons for an American Reasons for an American EmpireEmpire

► Economic – U.S. produced more than it could buy; new Economic – U.S. produced more than it could buy; new colonies could be markets for American goods to new peoplescolonies could be markets for American goods to new peoples

► Military – Europe was carving up Asia and Africa; U.S. shut out Military – Europe was carving up Asia and Africa; U.S. shut out of military basesof military bases Alfred Thayer Mahan – Naval captain and author who Alfred Thayer Mahan – Naval captain and author who

argued that the U.S. needed to expand its navy to become argued that the U.S. needed to expand its navy to become a world powera world power

► Cultural – spread of American and Christian values (“The Cultural – spread of American and Christian values (“The White Man’s Burden”)White Man’s Burden”)

The White Man’s Burden by The White Man’s Burden by Rudyard KiplingRudyard Kipling

Take up the White man's burden – Take up the White man's burden –

Send forth the best ye breed – Send forth the best ye breed –

Go bind your sons to exile Go bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need; To serve your captives' need;

To wait in heavy harness To wait in heavy harness

On fluttered folk and wild – On fluttered folk and wild –

Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half devil and half childHalf devil and half child

SamoaSamoa

► Important re-fueling station between U.S. and AustraliaImportant re-fueling station between U.S. and Australia

► Britain and Germany also wanted the islandsBritain and Germany also wanted the islands

► All three nations send warships to area, but typhoon struck All three nations send warships to area, but typhoon struck disabling most of the fleetsdisabling most of the fleets

► 1899 – U.S. and Germany divide Samoan islands1899 – U.S. and Germany divide Samoan islands

► Samoa becomes U.S. Samoa becomes U.S. protectorateprotectorate

Annexing HawaiiAnnexing Hawaii► In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani announced plans to establish a new In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani announced plans to establish a new

constitution that would restore much of the power back to the constitution that would restore much of the power back to the monarchy and reduce the influence of outside business owners. monarchy and reduce the influence of outside business owners.

► On January 14, 1893, a group of American and Europeans formed a On January 14, 1893, a group of American and Europeans formed a Committee of SafetyCommittee of Safety in opposition to the Queen, and seized control in opposition to the Queen, and seized control of government. of government.

► United States Government Minister United States Government Minister John L. StevensJohn L. Stevens, responding to a , responding to a request from the Committee of Safety expressing concern about request from the Committee of Safety expressing concern about possible violence directed against American citizens, summoned a possible violence directed against American citizens, summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines to come ashore to enforce company of uniformed U.S. Marines to come ashore to enforce neutrality. neutrality.

► President Grover ClevelandPresident Grover Cleveland established an exploratory commission established an exploratory commission to research the legality of backing a nongovernmental entity with to research the legality of backing a nongovernmental entity with federal troops. They concluded that the overthrow of Liliuokalani was federal troops. They concluded that the overthrow of Liliuokalani was illegalillegal. The U.S. Government first demanded that Queen Liliuokalani . The U.S. Government first demanded that Queen Liliuokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused. be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused.

Annexing HawaiiAnnexing Hawaii► When William McKinley became president, this issue When William McKinley became president, this issue

resurfaced. resurfaced.

► In June of 1897, McKinley agreed to a treaty of annexation In June of 1897, McKinley agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii. with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii. On On July 7, 1898July 7, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21, the Senate agreed , by a vote of 42 to 21, the Senate agreed

to the annexing Hawaii as a U.S. territory. to the annexing Hawaii as a U.S. territory.

► Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years. Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years. Plantation owners found territorial status convenient, Plantation owners found territorial status convenient,

enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor.enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor.

► Finally, in Finally, in March 1959March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the , both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U.S. Hawaii Admission Act and U.S. President Dwight D. President Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower signed it into law. signed it into law.

An American Empire?An American Empire?► Ultimately Spain freed Cuba and granted Puerto Rico, the Ultimately Spain freed Cuba and granted Puerto Rico, the

Philippines, Guam and Wake Island to the United States. In Philippines, Guam and Wake Island to the United States. In return, the United States paid Spain $20 million.return, the United States paid Spain $20 million.

► In 1902 the United States forced the Cubans to adopt the In 1902 the United States forced the Cubans to adopt the Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment Basically stated that the U.S. could have a Naval base in Basically stated that the U.S. could have a Naval base in

Cuba and limited its the trade and barrowing abilities.Cuba and limited its the trade and barrowing abilities.

► The The Foraker Act of 1900Foraker Act of 1900 set up a limited self-rule system in set up a limited self-rule system in Puerto Rico. The U.S. would still oversee much of its affairs, Puerto Rico. The U.S. would still oversee much of its affairs, but they could make “state level” decisions independently.but they could make “state level” decisions independently.

► Because fighting never really stopped in the Philippines, the Because fighting never really stopped in the Philippines, the United States did not make any such concessions with them. United States did not make any such concessions with them. The islands remained heavily occupied by American troops The islands remained heavily occupied by American troops until until 19461946. .

Carving Up ChinaCarving Up China

► China lost Opium War to BritishChina lost Opium War to British► European powers take advantage of China’s European powers take advantage of China’s

weakness by dividing it into weakness by dividing it into spheres of influencespheres of influence Regions in China could only trade with one Regions in China could only trade with one

countrycountry Extraterritorial rightsExtraterritorial rights within each sphere within each sphere

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

► U.S. excluded from Chinese tradeU.S. excluded from Chinese trade► Secretary of State John Hay issued message to Secretary of State John Hay issued message to

China in other powers in 1899China in other powers in 1899 Called on them to keep an “open door” in ChinaCalled on them to keep an “open door” in China Guarentee the rights of all nations to tradeGuarentee the rights of all nations to trade Though many nations agreed in principal, Hay Though many nations agreed in principal, Hay

announced the Policy as “done deal”announced the Policy as “done deal”

John Hay

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

► Boxers were anti-foreigner secret society in China (Righteous and Boxers were anti-foreigner secret society in China (Righteous and Harmonious Fists)Harmonious Fists)

► In 1900, Boxers began revolt to expel all foreigners in ChinaIn 1900, Boxers began revolt to expel all foreigners in China Attacked and killed Chinese Christians and westernersAttacked and killed Chinese Christians and westerners Burned Christian churches and homes of foreignersBurned Christian churches and homes of foreigners Took diplomats hostage in BeijingTook diplomats hostage in Beijing

► U.S. and other powers send 18,000 troopsU.S. and other powers send 18,000 troops Freed diplomats and crushed rebellionFreed diplomats and crushed rebellion Looted capital and killed thousands of ChineseLooted capital and killed thousands of Chinese Forced China to pay Forced China to pay reparationsreparations

Revolt in CubaRevolt in Cuba

► Cuba had been Spanish colony since days of ColumbusCuba had been Spanish colony since days of Columbus

► Cuba revolted several times, unsuccessfullyCuba revolted several times, unsuccessfully

► 1895 – Cubans revolt again1895 – Cubans revolt again Spanish commader Valeriano Weyler begins policy of Spanish commader Valeriano Weyler begins policy of

reconcentrationreconcentration Cubans were placed in concentration campsCubans were placed in concentration camps Many died of starvation and diseaseMany died of starvation and disease U.S. press revealed harsh conditions to publicU.S. press revealed harsh conditions to public

► U.S. Cubans led by Jose MartiU.S. Cubans led by Jose Marti Urged United States to get involved in conflictUrged United States to get involved in conflict

Revolt in PanamaRevolt in Panama► In 1903, French canal builders agreed to sell their stake in the In 1903, French canal builders agreed to sell their stake in the

bankrupt Panama venture to the United States for $40 million. bankrupt Panama venture to the United States for $40 million.

► ColombiaColombia, because of its sovereignty over Panama, expected , because of its sovereignty over Panama, expected part of the payment, but felt the price was too low. part of the payment, but felt the price was too low.

► Unwilling to have the sale jeopardized and recognizing Unwilling to have the sale jeopardized and recognizing Panama’s desire for independence, the United States quietly Panama’s desire for independence, the United States quietly encouraged Panama to rebel. encouraged Panama to rebel.

► The ensuing three-day-long revolution, under the watchful The ensuing three-day-long revolution, under the watchful eye of two U.S. gunboats, created the Republic of Panama.eye of two U.S. gunboats, created the Republic of Panama.

► A few days later, the United States and Panama signed a A few days later, the United States and Panama signed a treaty to build the canal. treaty to build the canal.

1818

► As a result of the large number of deaths in As a result of the large number of deaths in the Spanish-American war that were due to the Spanish-American war that were due to MalariaMalaria, the American government , the American government sponsored the large scale spreading of sponsored the large scale spreading of pesticides around the canal zone.pesticides around the canal zone.

► The process used most often was developed The process used most often was developed by by William GorgasWilliam Gorgas, an American tropical , an American tropical disease expert.disease expert. By spraying a thin film of oil on the water’s By spraying a thin film of oil on the water’s

surface, they smothered any mosquito larvae surface, they smothered any mosquito larvae that might be living there. that might be living there.

Fighting DiseaseFighting Disease

The Gatun LocksThe Gatun Locks

Limon Bay

Gatun Lake

North

The Pedro Miguel LockThe Pedro Miguel Lock

Gatun Lake Miraflores Lake

North

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Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary

► On On December 2, 1823December 2, 1823, President James Monroe , President James Monroe proclaimed that European powers were no longer to proclaimed that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. (independent nations of the Americas. (Monroe Monroe DoctrineDoctrine))

► In In December 1904December 1904 Theodore Roosevelt amended Theodore Roosevelt amended this statement by asserting the right of the United this statement by asserting the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of other nations within this hemisphere.of other nations within this hemisphere. This would prevent wars close to the United This would prevent wars close to the United

States and discourage countries (especially the States and discourage countries (especially the Soviet Union) from attempting to colonize a Soviet Union) from attempting to colonize a country which could not pay back its debts.country which could not pay back its debts.

Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy

► After After William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft took over the presidency, took over the presidency, he continued to work with other countries in North he continued to work with other countries in North America to expand relationsAmerica to expand relations

► The term The term dollar diplomacydollar diplomacy was coined by President was coined by President Taft, who claimed that U.S. operations in Latin Taft, who claimed that U.S. operations in Latin America went from "warlike and political" to America went from "warlike and political" to "peaceful and economic". "peaceful and economic". The term is also used historically by Latin Americans to The term is also used historically by Latin Americans to

show their disapproval of the role that the U.S. show their disapproval of the role that the U.S. government and U.S. corporations have played in using government and U.S. corporations have played in using economic, diplomatic and military power to open up economic, diplomatic and military power to open up foreign markets.foreign markets.

► It basically means that anything that brings positive It basically means that anything that brings positive economic change to both the U.S. and other economic change to both the U.S. and other countries of the world is acceptable.countries of the world is acceptable.