Chapter 20: Regulation of The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle p847.

Chapter 20: Regulation of The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

p847

OUTLINE

20.1 Overview of the Cell Cycle and Its Control20.2 Control of Mitosis by Cyclins and MPF Activity20.3 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Regulation Duriing Mitosis20.4 Molecular Mechanisms for Regulating Mitotic Events20.5 Cyclin CDK and Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Control of S phase20.6 Cell-Cycle Control in Mammalian Cells20.7 Checkpoints in Cell-Cycle Regulation20.8 Meiosis: A Special Type of Cell Division

FIGURE 20-1The fate of a single parental chromosome throughout the eukaryotic cell cycle

Cell Cycle Control

EXPERIMENTAL FIGURE 20-8Autoradiography permits the detection of cyclical synthesis and destruction of mitotic cyclin in sea urchin embryos

Mitotic Cyclin Was First Identified in Early Sea Urchin Embryos

EXPERIMENTAL FIGURE 20-8(a)Autoradiography permits the detection of cyclical synthesis and destruction of mitotic cyclin in sea urchin embryos

EXPERIMENTAL FIGURE 20-8(b)Autoradiography permits the detection of cyclical synthesis and destruction of mitotic cyclin in sea urchin embryos

EXPERIMENTAL FIGURE 20-9Cycling of MPF activity and mitotic events iin Xenopus egg extracts depend on synthesis and degradation of cyclin B

Cyclin B Levels and Kinase Activity of Mitosis-Promoting Factor(MPF) Change Together in Cycling Xenopus Egg Extracts

FIGURE 20-29Activity of S.cerevisiae cyclin-CDK complexes through the course of the cell cycle

Multiple Cyclins Regulate the Kinase Activity of S.cerevisiae CDK During Different Cell-Cycle Phase

Meiosis

KEY TERMScell division 细胞分裂

cell cycle 细胞周期

G1 (first gap) phase G1 期

S (synthetic) phase S 期

G2 phase G2 期

M (mitotic) phase M 期

prophase 前期

chromatid 染色单体

centromere 着丝粒

interphase 间期

mitotic apparatus 有丝分裂器

metaphase 中期

kinetochore 动粒

anaphase 后期

telophase 末期

cytokinesis 细胞浆移动

diploid 双倍体

haploid 单倍体

cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK)

temperature-sensitive mutation 温度敏感型突变

zygote 合子

mitosis-promoting factor

proteasome 蛋白酶体

dominant 显性

nuclear lamina 核纤层

nucleoporin 核孔蛋白

SMC protein

S-phase-promoting factor(SPF)

replication origin 复制起点

mitogen 有丝分裂原

restriction point 限制性位点

tumor-suppressor gene 肿瘤抑制基因

GTPase superfamily

meiosis 减数分裂

recombination 重组

crossing over 互换

anaphase-promoting complex(APC/C)

APC/C specificity factor

Cdc14 phosphatase Cdc14 磷酸酶

Cdc25 phosphatase Cdc25 磷酸酶

CKIs

cohesin

condensin

destruction box

E2F factors

p53 protein p53 蛋白

quiescent cells 休眠细胞

Rb protein Rb 蛋白

SCF

securin

synapsis 联会

Wee1 protein-tyrosine kinase

Chapter 24: Immunology

p1055

OUTLINE

24.1 Overview of Host Defenses24.2 Immunoglobulins: Structure and Function24.3 Generation of Antibody Diversity and B-Cell Development24.4 The MHC and Antigen Presentation24.5 T Cell, T-Cell Receptors, and T-Cell Development24.6 Collaboration of Immune-System Cells in the Adaptive Response

FIGURE 24-1The three layers of vertebrate immune defenses

FIGURE 24-2The circulatory and lymphatic systems

Leukocytes Circulate Throughout the Body and Take Up Residence in Tissues and Lymph Nodes

24.1 Overview of Host Defenses

FIGURE 24-3Initiation of the adaptive immune response in lymph nodes

Chapter 25: Cancer

p1107

OUTLINE

25.1 Tumor Cells and the Onset of Cancer25.2 The Genetic Basis of Cancer25.3 Oncogenic Mutations in Growth-Promoting Proteins25.4 Mutations Causing Loss of Growth-Inhibiting and Cell-Cycle Controls25.5 Carcinogens and Caretaker Genes in Cancer

FIGURE 25-1Overview of changes in cells that cause cancer

25.1 Tumor Cells and the Onset of Cancer

FIGURE 25-2(a)Gross and microscopic views of a tumor invading normal liver tissue

Metastatic Tumor Cells Are Invasive and Can Spread

TGF beta signaling

KEY TERMS

proto-oncogene 原致癌基因tumour-suppressor gene 肿瘤抑制基因oncogene 致癌基因caretaker gene

apoptosis 凋亡carcinogen 致癌物clone 克隆tumor 肿瘤metastasis 转移malignant 恶性的cancer 癌stem cell 干细胞

transformationdominant 显性Ras protein Ras 蛋白constitutivep53 protein p53 蛋白DNA microarray DNA 微阵列checkpointautocrine 自分泌receptor tyrosine kinases(RTKs)restriction point 限制性位点cyclins 细胞周期蛋白cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs)mitogen 有丝分裂元

dominant negative 显性负相programmed cell death 程序性细胞凋亡aneuploidy 非整倍性

and key terms in page 1146