Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals

7/24/2019 Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals

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Metallurgy and theChemistry of Metals

Chapter 20

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission reuired for reproduction or display.


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! mineralis a naturally occurring su"stance with a range of

chemical compositions.

!n oreis a mineral deposit concentrated enough to allow

economical reco#ery of a desired metal.

Metallurgyis the science and technology of separating metals

from their ores and of compounding alloys.

!n alloyis a solid solution either of two or more metals, or of a

metal or metals with one or more nonmetals.

$eco#ery of a metal from its ore%

&. Preparation of the ore'. Production of the metal

(. Purification of the metal

').&


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').&


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Metals and Their *est-+nown Minerals

').'


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Production of Metals

$oasting

CaC(s Ca s/ C'g

'P"0 s/ ('g 'P" s/ '0'g

Chemical $eduction

TiCl1g/ 'Mg l Ti s/ 'MgCl'l

Cr'(s/ '!l s 'Cr l/ !l'(s

2(s/ (H'g 2 s/ (H' g

3lectrolytic $eduction

'M l 'M at cathode/ 'at anode

'MCl l 'M at cathode/ Cl'at anode

').'


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').'


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*last 4urnace for

Producing Iron

').'

reduction process


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0teel Manufacturing #ia the 5ygen Process

o5idation process

').'


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Purification of Metals

6istillation

7i s/ 1C g 7iC1g8) )C

7iC1g 7i s/ 1C g')) )C

3lectrolysis

Cu simpure Cu'/aq/ 'e-

Cu'/aq/ 'e- Cu spure

9one refining

').'


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9one $efining of Metals

').'


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In band theory of conductivity, delocali:ed electrons mo#e

freely through ;"ands< formed "y o#erlapping molecular or"itals.

Mg &s''s''p=(s'or >7e?(s'

e-e-

').(


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3nergy Gaps *etween @alence and Conduction *ands in

Metals, 0emiconductors and Insulators

e-

e-

').(


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0emiconductors

0i

>7e?(s'(p'

n-type semiconductordonor impurities

P

>7e?(s'

(p(

p-type semiconductoracceptor impurities

*

>7e?(s'

(p&

').(


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Increasing Metallic Character

IncreasingMetallicCharacter

').1


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').A


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!lBali Metals ns&, n '

M M

/&

/ &e

-

'Ms/ 'H'l 'MHaq/ H'g

'Ms/ 'g M's

Increasin

greacti#ity

').A


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').=


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!lBaline 3arth Metals ns', n '

M M/'/ 'e-

*es/ 'H'l 7o $eaction

Increasingrea

cti#ity

Mgs/ H'g Mg s/ H'g

Ms/ 'H'l MH'aq/ H'g M Ca, 0r, or *a

').=


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!luminum

Impure !l'(s/ 'H-aq '!l'

-aq/ H' l

!l'-s/ H(

/aq !lH(s

'!lH(s !l'(s/ (H' g

!node%

Cathode%

(>''- 'g/ 1e-?

1>!l(// (e- !l l?

'!l'( 1!l l/ ('g

').8


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Chemistry In Action:$ecycling !luminum

Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals

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