1 An Emerging World Power Chapter 20 Roots of Expansion US and the World 1880 – 50 million people industry – 2 nd to Britain Diplomacy American Exceptionalism democracy & civilization Anglo-Saxon superiority Social Darwinism foreign affairs little influence abroad missionaries Hawaii Economy US planters 1875 – US sugar trade (tax-free) 1887 – US naval rights use of harbor Hawaiian Takeover 1890 Tariff – cancelled “tax-free” sugar planters upset 1893 – Queen Liliuokalani overthrown appealed for annexation denied by US
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1
An Emerging World Power
Chapter 20
Roots of Expansion
US and the World
1880 – 50 million people
industry – 2nd to Britain
Diplomacy
American Exceptionalism democracy & civilization
Anglo-Saxon superiority
Social Darwinism
foreign affairs
little influence abroad
missionaries
Hawaii
Economy
US planters
1875 – US sugar trade (tax-free)
1887 – US naval rights
use of harbor
Hawaiian Takeover
1890 Tariff – cancelled “tax-free”
sugar planters upset
1893 – Queen Liliuokalani overthrown
appealed for annexation
denied by US
2
Other Pacific Gains
1867 – Alaska
$7.2 million
1867 – Midway
1878 – Samoan Islands
refueling
Economic Expansionism
US GDP
4x from 1870 – 1900
industry exports
1880 – 15%
1900 – 30%
Trade Balance
OVERPRODUCTION!!
Export more than import?
economy slowed
farm prices dropped
Answer = foreign markets!
Alfred Mahan
The Influence of Sea Power upon History
advocated canal
bases in Caribbean
annex Hawaii
stronger navy – 2 oceans
Venezuela Crisis
1895 – border dispute
British Guiana
US – invoked Monroe Doctrine
Britain accepted US demands
Spanish-American War
3
Rebellion
1895 – Jose Marti
revolution against Spain
1896 – Gen. Weyler
“The Butcher”
reconcentration camps
200,000 died
Jingoism
public opinion
extreme support for war
sugar plantations destroyed
yellow journalism
Hearst, Pulitzer
USS Maine
sent to Havana – Jan. 1898
de Lome letter – Feb. 1898
Feb. 15
explosion
McKinley Declares War
demands sent to Spain
ignored
April 11, 1898
Congress declared war
Teller Amendment
Short-Lived War
Philippines
George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet
Aug. 13, 1898 – Manila captured
Hawaii
annexed July 7, 1898
citizenship in 1900
4
Invasion of Cuba
Adm. Cervera – Santiago Harbor
US Army – force Cervera out
“Rough Riders” – TR
Col. Leonard Wood
July 1 – San Juan Hill
July 3 – Cervera defeated
Puerto Rico – little resistance
War ended quickly
Aug. 12, 1898 – armistice
4100 US casualties
Results of the War
Paris Treaty – 1898
US acquisitions
Philippines – paid $20 million
Anti-Imperialist League
Carnegie, Gompers, Addams, Bryan
Congress debate
Wm. Jennings Bryan
Ratified February 1899
Impact on Foreign Relations
US a world power!
US prestige rose
A “splendid little war” – John Hay
Path to imperialism
Eased post-Civil War tensions
5
Philippines
Anti-Imperialists
Addams, Twain
Carnegie - $20 million
Gompers – flood the workforce
War in the Philippines
1899 – 1901
insurrection – Aguinaldo
more brutal fighting than in Cuba
Americanization
schools
roads, sanitation, health
trade (sugar)
resentment of US
July 4, 1946 - independence
Citizenship?
territories – freedom of religion
citizenship?
Insular Cases – 1901
Constitution did NOT apply to territories
Cuba
US helped rebuild Cuba
military gov’t
Dr. Walter Reed – medical advances
1902 – US pulled out of Cuba
1901 Platt Amendment
TR Policy
“civilized powers… policing of the world”
US responsible to help maintain balance of power
6
Open Door Policy
Spheres of Influence (China)
Open Door Note – 1899
John Hay
Boxer Rebellion
1900
Boxers killed foreigners
rebellion stopped
China – paid $333 million
Japan
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
China, Japan
Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
TR – negotiated peace
Nobel Peace Prize
Japan – dominant power in Asia
Japanese in California
fear similar to that with Chinese
special schools (San Francisco)
TR met with Board of Ed.
“Gentlemen’s Agreement” – 1907
Root–Takahira Agreement
1908
US and Japan to respect each other’s Pacific territory
Open Door in China
Panama Canal
7
Panama
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – 1901
Britain gave up canal rights
Colombia
refused to allow treaty
Panama Revolution – 1903
Completion of the Canal
Nations threatened?
Problems with construction
excavation
labor
disease
Finish in 1914 - $400 million
Roosevelt Corollary
expanded Monroe Doctrine
1904 – US - “policeman” of the region
Financial problems
Domestic disorder
“Big Stick”
“Speak softly and carry a big stick”
TR – foreign policy
navy
battleship development
1907 – 3rd in world
need for canal
Great White Fleet
1907 – 16 battleships
8
Wilson’s Foreign Policy
opposed imperialism
Jones Act – 1916 (Philippines)
Haiti, Dominican Republic
had to send troops
Problems in Mexico
Mexican Revolution – 1913
new president murdered by Huerta
Mexicans moved into US
US threatened
“Jingoism”
US Involvement
US opposed Huerta
Carranza and Pancho Villa
US sailors arrested in Tampico
Navy sent to seize Vera Cruz
1914 – Huerta replaced by Carranza
Pancho Villa kills Americans
Gen. John Pershing sent to Mexico
failed to capture Pancho Villa
WW I
U.S. and World War I
9
Tensions in Europe
Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism, Alliances
rivalries
Balkans
Africa – Algeciras Conference
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente
France, Britain, Russia
Pre-War Alliances
World War I
June 28, 1914 – Archduke Ferdinand murdered by Gavrilo Princip