Chapter 2. The internet is the ultimate tool of convergence Convergence – ▪ The interlinking of media content and communication networks ▪ Previous.

Chapter 2

The internet is the ultimate tool of convergence Convergence –

▪ The interlinking of media content and communication networks

▪ Previous media forms were one way communication▪ TV, Radio

▪ New media offers more two way communication With the internet▪ Anyone can be a producer▪ Distributing to anyone who clicks on the site

The internet developed from The advancement of computers The Cold War – ARPA (Advanced Research

Project Agency)▪ Need arose to connect or (Network) computers▪ Lead to ARPANET (Early version of Internet)▪ UCLA, UCSB, Stanford, Univ. of Utah

To prevent information from being stopped

▪ The network structure changed over time

▪ Centralized Network▪ All info flows through centralized unit

▪ De-Centralized Network▪ Info flows through several central units

▪ Distributed Network▪ There is no central unit▪ Info can move from one point to the next

Regardless of which link is broken

The Beginning of E-mail Occurred during the ARPAnet project▪ Developed to allow scientists at different

locations▪ To exchange messages through their computers

Evolved to what we see todayWorld wide web – (who invented it)

Different than the internet Can anyone tell me the difference▪ Between the Internet and the World Wide

Web

The world wide web A vast pool of information that spans the world▪ Hyperlinks – Key words that take you to other

information▪ Connecting pieces of information together

▪ HTML – Hypertext Markup Language▪ Network computer language

▪ URL – Universal Resource Locator▪ Also the web address▪ Example www.yourdomain.com (has a numerical equivalent)

▪ When you look up content online, where does it come from?

In 1992▪ Congress passed legislation privatizing the net

Most electronic media▪ Are owned by companies (Media giants and

independents)▪ TV, Radio

Who owns the Internet?▪ No license needed▪ No Govt. Approval▪ Little money needed

As the net grew & more people began to use it Several developments made it more user friendly▪ Browsers - 1st “MOSAIC” 1993▪ Used to translate HTML and display content from the web

What different browsers exist today

▪ ISP’s (Internet Service Providers) – 1st “The world” 1990▪ Allow people to access the world wide web (usually for a fee)

Name some ISP’s that operate today

▪ Search Engines – 1st “Webcrawler” 1994▪ Indexes that help to find information quickly▪ Name 3 search engines besides Google, Yahoo & Bing

The mid 90’s led to many net innovations▪ E-commerce▪ Amazon, E-Bay

▪ Additional developments▪ IM’s, Bulletin Boards, Blogs, chatrooms, Distance learning

Dot coms boomed creating a frenzy Reality of profit potential led to decline▪ Investors pulled out▪ Dot Com Bust occurred in early 2000’s

The mid 90’s brought online audio experiments Early processors & modems▪ Too slow to smoothly deliver data

Encoding▪ Compression & decompression▪ Plus faster technology

▪ Helped to improve audio delivery online Players were developed to process and deliver

music ▪ Realplayer, Windows media player, quicktime

Internet audio Allowed creation on internet only radio stations▪ Hobbyists, music fans, college students, anyone could

do it Radio stations broadcasts over the air▪ Put their live feeds online – (streaming)▪ Store broadcasts for download▪ Called on demand programming

Revenue potential led to▪ Advertising, Royalty fees (ASCAP) & (BMI)▪ Copyright laws

Created by Shawn Fanning▪ Led to file sharing phenomenon in the late 90’s▪ Made possible by MP3’s, introduced in 1998

▪ Quick attention & Heavy use▪ Brought Silicone valley backing for fanning▪ Also RIAA attention for copyright infringement

Lawsuits resulted in courts ordering shutdown

▪ Lawsuits against people▪ Led to reduced downloading through fear of heavy fines

▪ Music companies adapted to mp3 format▪ Although not as bad, file sharing issues still exit

Known as VOIP Allows people to talk through the internet using▪ Cell phones, cable providers, landlines

Inexpensive alternative to traditional phone service

Developed later than audio▪ Due to larger file sizes

Slow web speeds resulted in ▪ Videos that were small & low quality

Broadband – high speed internet▪ Improved video on the internet▪ Allowed presentation of longer clips, shows, movie trailers

▪ Brought webcasting▪ Video content developed for online delivery

▪ Allows for ▪ Netflix and other large video streaming services to exist

Developed in 2005 YouTube reached 30k viewers within first

month▪ After 18 months of incredible growth▪ Google bought it for $1.65 billion

YouTube service▪ Allows people to create and post their own videos▪ Set up a channel to showcase their work

▪ Copyright issues have led to removal of some content

▪ Has led to 15 minutes of fame for many people▪ Video Clip 1 Video Clip 2

Started off as chatrooms & bulletin boards▪ In the early 90’s

▪ Led to dating & classmate sites Then more well know social networking▪ Sites were developed allowing users to▪ Create profiles▪ Share pictures▪ Connect with friends

Myspace 1999 - Grew popular in 2003 Facebook started in 2004▪ Todays most popular social networking site

As the internet has grown so have abuses Predators - Use the web to solicit crimes against children

and others Identity Theft - Potential to steal unsecure information

▪ Has become a huge problem Zaba Search Intelius

Spoofing- Hacking accounts & ▪ Sending info under fraudulent or deceptive means

Spam▪ Unsolicited bulk messages or junk e-mail

▪ Phishing▪ Spam where fake sites are used to gain personal info

(fake bank sites)

These are evolving rapidly▪ Numerous portable devices are flooding the market▪ Competition has increased flood of new products

▪ Cell phones▪ Have evolved from cumbersome expensive devices

To todays web accessing, picture taking, hand held mini-computers

▪ Text messages, web access & apps Almost outweigh the talking use of cell phones today

▪ PDA’s - Electronic cross between personal planners and cell phones

▪ Pods – Hard drive based player for MP3’s Ipod is most popular followed by others

▪ Digital rights management – helped prevent illegal copying▪ Podcasting – act of sending material to a pod

The early days of video games Started as stand up consoles

▪ Evolved to consoles for TV use

▪ Odyssey – Magnavox product▪ Atari – developed “Pong” extremely popular game▪ Released “Pac-Man” in 1980 & achieved cross promotional

status

▪ 1980 also led to launch of “Nintendo” video games▪ Led to “Mario” franchise

Down & Out - After a lull in video game production▪ 1986 led to NES (Nintendo entertainment system)▪ Also introduction of Sega

Console Wars▪ Nintendo led the 90’s in consoles▪ Drive to gain an audience resulted in the launch of others

Graphics and game play improved tremendously▪ How many consoles and handhelds can you think of

Lets list them

Games for the internet▪ Online gaming allowed people to play against each other

From different locations

▪ MMORPG’s Video games originally targeted young males▪ How have they tried to reach other audiences