Chapter 2: The Endocrine System
Jan 20, 2016
Chapter 2:
The Endocrine System
2.1 Systems of chemical mediation and communication
2.2 A comparison of endocrine and exocrine cells (Part 1)
2.2 A comparison of endocrine and exocrine cells (Part 2)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 3.12: Exocytosis, p. 78.
Extracellularfluid
Cytoplasm
Molecules tobe secreted
VesicleSNARE
Plasma membraneSNARE
Secretory vesicle
(a)
(b)
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 3.13: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, p. 79.
Recycling ofmembrane andreceptors (if present)to plasma membrane
CytoplasmExtracellular fluid
Extracellularfluid
Plasmamembrane
Detachmentof clathrin-coatedvesicle
Clathrin-coatedvesicle
Uncoating
Uncoatedvesicle
Uncoatedvesiclefusing withendosome
To lysosomefor digestionand releaseof contents
Transcytosis
Endosome
Exocytosisof vesiclecontents
Clathrin-coatedpit
Plasmamembrane
Ingestedsubstance
Clathrinprotein
(c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Extracellularfluid
Cytoplasm
Bacteriumor otherparticle
Pseudopod
Clathrinprotein
(b) Phagocytosis
Clathrinprotein
Membranereceptor
(a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
1
3
2
2.3 The major endocrine glands and tissues in humans
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 16.3: PIP second-messenger mechanism of amino acid-based hormones, p. 608.
PIP2
IP3
ReceptorGTP
GTP
CatecholaminesTRHADHGnRHOxytocin
Triggers responses of target cell
GDP
Extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm
Inactiveprotein kinase C
Activeprotein kinase C
Phospholipase C
Gq
Ca2+ Ca2+-calmodulin
Hormone
Endoplasmicreticulum
DAG
GTP
1
2 34 5
5
6
2.4 The hypothalamus
2.5 The pituitary gland
2.6 Hypothalamic communication with the anterior and posterior pituitary
2.7 The thyroid gland (Part 1)
2.7 The thyroid gland (Part 2)
Figure 23.20
2.8 The pancreas (Part 1)
Six primary hormones produced by the pancreas:
1.Insulin - causes cells in the liver, muscle and fat to uptake gluclose from the blood to store as glycogen in muscle and liver.
2. Glucagon – released when blood glucose levels are too low , causing the liver to convert stores of glycogen into glucose. The glucose is released into the bloodstream
3.Somatostatin - suppresses the release of various gastrointestinal hormones.
4.Ghrelin – hunger stimulating hormone
5.Pancreatic polypeptide – regulates secretion of the endocrine and exocrine chemicals of the pancreas. In humans , secretion is increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise.
6.Amylin - functions as a synergistic partner to insulin, but seems to be more intimately involved in determination of the glycemic index than insulin in readings related to A1C.
2.8 The pancreas (Part 2)
Alpha cells will produce glucagon.Beta cells will produce insulin and amylin.Delta cells will produce somatostatinPP cells will produce pancreatic polypeptide.Epsilon cells will produce ghrelin.
2.9 The adrenal glands (Part 1)
2.9 The adrenal glands (Part 2)
2.10 The pineal gland (Part 1)
2.10 The pineal gland (Part 2)
This is the point where we have concluded Chapter 2 materials relevant to lecture exam #1. The remainder of the materials that follows will be part of lecture exam #2.
Figure 27.1
Figure 27.3a
2.11 The testes
Figure 27.11
Figure 27.12a
Figure 27.12b
Figure 27.14a
2.12 The ovaries (Part 1)
2.12 The ovaries (Part 2)
2.13 Protein and peptide hormone receptors
2.14 A tyrosine kinase receptor
Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Active siteAmino acids
Enzyme (E)Enzyme-substratecomplex (E-S)
Internal rearrangementsleading to catalysis
Dipeptide product (P)
Free enzyme (E)
Substrates (S)
Peptide bond
H2O
+
2.15 A G protein
2.16 Signal amplification by second messengers
2.20 Known amino acid sequences of releasing hormones (Part 1)
2.20 Known amino acid sequences of releasing hormones (Part 2)
2.21 Primary structures of species-specific forms of GnRH
2.23 Primary structure of the nonapeptides secreted by the posterior pituitary
2.25 Milk letdown is mediated by oxytocin (Part 1)
Figure 27.17
2.25 Milk letdown is mediated by oxytocin (Part 2)
2.26 Thyroid hormone synthesis
2.28 Steroid chemical structure and nomenclature
2.29 Steroid hormone receptors are generally located in the cytosol or nucleus of a cell
2.30 Biochemical pathways in steroid formation (Part 1)
2.30 Biochemical pathways in steroid formation (Part 2)
2.31 Androgens (Part 1)
2.31 Androgens (Part 2)
2.32 Estrogens (Part 1)
2.32 Estrogens (Part 2)
2.33 Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are catecholamines
2.35 Models of negative and positive feedback
2.36 Negative feedback
Box 2.1(A) Life cycle of the silkworm moth
Box 2.2 The Discovery of Secretin