CHAPTER 2: REVOLUTION AND THE EARLY REPUBLIC. COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND REBELLION – SECTION 1 The Proclamation of 1763 sought to halt the westward expansion.

CHAPTER 2:CHAPTER 2:REVOLUTION AND THE REVOLUTION AND THE

EARLY REPUBLICEARLY REPUBLIC

COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND REBELLION – SECTION 1REBELLION – SECTION 1

The The Proclamation ofProclamation of 1763 1763 sought to halt the sought to halt the westward expansion of westward expansion of the colonist, thus the the colonist, thus the colonist believed the colonist believed the British government did British government did not care about their not care about their needsneeds

This was one of many This was one of many measures passed by measures passed by the the English ParliamentEnglish Parliament that would be that would be strenuously opposed by strenuously opposed by the American Coloniststhe American Colonists

England’s Parliament and

Big Ben

NO TAXATION WITHOUT NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATIONREPRESENTATION

Huge debt from the Huge debt from the French-Indian War French-Indian War caused the English caused the English Parliament to Parliament to impose a series of impose a series of taxes on the taxes on the colonistscolonists

The The Sugar Act Sugar Act and and the the Stamp Act Stamp Act were two such were two such taxestaxes

Colonists protest

THE SUGAR ACTTHE SUGAR ACT The Sugar Act (1764) The Sugar Act (1764)

placed duties (taxes) placed duties (taxes) on certain imports on certain imports that had not been that had not been taxed beforetaxed before

More importantly, it More importantly, it meant colonists meant colonists accused of violating accused of violating the Act were tried in the Act were tried in Vice-Admiral Courts Vice-Admiral Courts rather than Colonial rather than Colonial CourtsCourts

THE STAMP ACTTHE STAMP ACT

In March of 1765 In March of 1765 Parliament passed Parliament passed the the Stamp ActStamp Act which imposed a which imposed a tax on documents tax on documents and printed items and printed items such as wills, such as wills, newspapers, and newspapers, and cards (a stamp cards (a stamp would then be would then be placed on the item)placed on the item)

RESISTANCE GROWSRESISTANCE GROWS

In May of 1765 In May of 1765 Colonists formed a Colonists formed a secret resistance secret resistance group called, group called, Sons Sons of Liberty of Liberty to to protest the lawsprotest the laws

Merchants agree to Merchants agree to boycott British boycott British goods until the goods until the Acts are repealedActs are repealed

MORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTSMORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTS

More taxes and More taxes and acts soon followed: acts soon followed: Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act

Townshend ActsTownshend ActsThe Townshend Acts The Townshend Acts

taxed goods taxed goods brought into the brought into the colonies from colonies from Britain – including Britain – including lead, paint, glass, lead, paint, glass, paper and paper and TEATEA

TENSION MOUNTS IN TENSION MOUNTS IN MASSACHUSETTSMASSACHUSETTS

The atmosphere in The atmosphere in Boston was extremely Boston was extremely tensetense

The city erupted in The city erupted in bloody clashes and a bloody clashes and a daring tax protest, all daring tax protest, all of which pushed the of which pushed the colonists and England colonists and England closer to warcloser to war

Boston Massacre Boston Massacre was was in 1770 when a mob in 1770 when a mob taunted British taunted British soldiers – 5 colonists soldiers – 5 colonists were killedwere killed

BOSTON MASSACRE 1770 BY PAUL REVERE

BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773

BRITS RESPOND TO TEA BRITS RESPOND TO TEA VANDALSVANDALS

After 18,000 pounds After 18,000 pounds of tea was dumped by of tea was dumped by colonists into Boston colonists into Boston Harbor, King George III Harbor, King George III was infuriatedwas infuriated

Parliament responded Parliament responded by passing the by passing the Intolerable Acts;Intolerable Acts; which which included the closing of included the closing of the Harbor, the the Harbor, the Quartering Act, Martial Quartering Act, Martial law in Bostonlaw in Boston

THE ROAD TO REVOLUTIONTHE ROAD TO REVOLUTION

Colonists start to Colonists start to organize and organize and communicatecommunicate

First Continental First Continental CongressCongress met in 1774 met in 1774 and drew up rightsand drew up rights

Military preparation Military preparation beganbegan

England reacts by England reacts by ordering troops to ordering troops to seize weaponsseize weapons

ATTENDEES INCLUDED SAMUEL ADAMS, PATRICK HENRY, AND

GEORGE WASHINGTON

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS - 1774 PHILLY

LEXINGTON AND CONCORDLEXINGTON AND CONCORD

With Paul Revere’s With Paul Revere’s announcement, the announcement, the Colonists and the Colonists and the British began fighting British began fighting in April of 1775in April of 1775

The first battle of the The first battle of the American Revolution American Revolution lasted only 15 lasted only 15 minutes, but its minutes, but its impact has lasted for impact has lasted for over 200 yearsover 200 years

SECOND CONTINENTAL SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESSCONGRESS

May 1775, Colonial May 1775, Colonial leaders met for a leaders met for a Second Continental Second Continental Congress Congress

Some called for Some called for Independence, some Independence, some for reconciliationfor reconciliation

Finally, the Congress Finally, the Congress agreed to appoint agreed to appoint George Washington George Washington as as head of the head of the Continental ArmyContinental Army

Patrick Henry addresses Congress

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILLBATTLE OF BUNKER HILL British General British General

Thomas GageThomas Gage decided decided on an attack on on an attack on Breed’s Hill (near Breed’s Hill (near Boston)Boston)

Deadliest battleDeadliest battle of war of war as over 1,000 redcoats as over 1,000 redcoats and 450 colonists diedand 450 colonists died

Battle Battle misnamed misnamed Bunker Hill (Breed’s Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill would have been Hill would have been more accurate)more accurate)

June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill

OLIVE BRANCH PETITIONOLIVE BRANCH PETITION By July 1775, the By July 1775, the

Second Continental Second Continental Congress was Congress was readying for war, readying for war, though still hoping for though still hoping for peacepeace

Most delegates deeply Most delegates deeply loyalloyal to King George III to King George III

July 8 – July 8 – Olive BranchOlive Branch PetitionPetition sent to King sent to King who flatly refused itwho flatly refused it

INDEPENDENCE MINDEDINDEPENDENCE MINDED Public opinion Public opinion

shifted toward shifted toward IndependenceIndependence

Why? Why? Enlightenment Enlightenment ideas (John ideas (John Locke’s Locke’s Social ContractSocial Contract, , and Thomas and Thomas Paine’s Paine’s Common Common SenseSense))

HUGE BEST SELLER, “COMMON SENSE” 1776

DECLARATION OF DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

On On July 4, 1776July 4, 1776, the , the Continental Congress Continental Congress voted unanimously voted unanimously that the American that the American Colonies were free Colonies were free and they adopted the and they adopted the Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

The Colonists had The Colonists had declared their declared their independence– they independence– they would now have to would now have to fight for it fight for it

JEFFERSON, ADAMS, & FRANKLIN

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE – SECTION 2– SECTION 2

Colonists divided Colonists divided between between Loyalists Loyalists and and PatriotsPatriots

New York City early New York City early site of battlessite of battles

Colonial troops Colonial troops retreat, then retreat, then surprise British surprise British troops at troops at SaratogaSaratoga

WINNING THE WARWINNING THE WAR With French military leader With French military leader

Marquis de Lafayette’s Marquis de Lafayette’s help, Colonial troops help, Colonial troops became effective fightersbecame effective fighters

May 1780, British troops May 1780, British troops successfully take Charles successfully take Charles Town, S.C.Town, S.C.

However, it was the last However, it was the last major victory for the British major victory for the British as as General Cornwallis General Cornwallis finally surrendered at finally surrendered at Yorkstown, Va. on October Yorkstown, Va. on October 18, 178118, 1781

The The Americans victoryAmericans victory shocked the world shocked the world

Cornwallis surrenders

TREATY OF PARISTREATY OF PARIS Peace talks began in Peace talks began in

Paris in 1782Paris in 1782 American negotiating American negotiating

team included team included John John Jay, John Adams, and Jay, John Adams, and Ben FranklinBen Franklin

Treaty signed in Treaty signed in September of 1783September of 1783 and officially and officially recognized the recognized the independence of the independence of the United States and set United States and set boundariesboundaries

CONFEDERATION AND THE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION – SECTION 3CONSTITUTION – SECTION 3

After the After the Revolution, many Revolution, many favored a favored a RepublicRepublic

Some supported a Some supported a strong federal strong federal government government (Federalists) (Federalists) while while others favored others favored states rights states rights (Anti-(Anti-Federalists)Federalists)

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

The Second The Second Continental Congress Continental Congress issued a set of laws issued a set of laws called the called the Articles of Articles of Confederation Confederation in 1781in 1781

Gave states one vote Gave states one vote each in Congress each in Congress regardless of regardless of population of statepopulation of state

Split power between Split power between National Government National Government and Stateand State

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

America’s America’s first first ConstitutionConstitution

Established National Established National governments ability to governments ability to wage war, sign wage war, sign treaties, coin money, treaties, coin money, run post officerun post office

Land Ordinance of Land Ordinance of 17851785 – made land – made land parcels small & parcels small & affordableaffordable

Northwest Ordinance Northwest Ordinance of 1787of 1787 – set – set requirement for states requirement for states

WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE OF CONFEDERATIONOF CONFEDERATION

Congress could not Congress could not collect taxescollect taxes

Each state had one Each state had one vote regardless of vote regardless of populationpopulation

No executive branch No executive branch No national court No national court

systemsystem Nine of thirteen states Nine of thirteen states

needed to agree to needed to agree to pass any lawpass any law

Lacked national unity Lacked national unity Weak Central Gov’tWeak Central Gov’t

SHAY’S REBELLION SHAY’S REBELLION

An event that highlighted An event that highlighted the weakness of the the weakness of the Central (National) Central (National) government was government was Shay’s Shay’s RebellionRebellion

Farmers in western Farmers in western Massachusetts rose up in Massachusetts rose up in protest over increased protest over increased taxestaxes

Daniel Shay led 1,200 Daniel Shay led 1,200 farmers toward the arsenal farmers toward the arsenal in Springfieldin Springfield

The event caused alarm The event caused alarm throughout the republicthroughout the republic 1787

CREATING A NEW CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

The delegates at the The delegates at the Constitutional Constitutional Convention realized Convention realized the need to the need to strengthen the central strengthen the central governmentgovernment

They soon decided to They soon decided to create an entirely new create an entirely new Constitution instead of Constitution instead of amending the Articlesamending the Articles

Compromise Compromise was the was the order of the dayorder of the day“Compromise”

VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY PLANSPLANS

Virginia Plan:Virginia Plan: Bicameral Bicameral Legislation based Legislation based on state populationon state population

New Jersey Plan: New Jersey Plan: Unicameral Unicameral Legislation based Legislation based on one state = one on one state = one votevote

GREAT COMPROMISEGREAT COMPROMISE After a deadlocked After a deadlocked

that dragged on & on, that dragged on & on, Roger ShermanRoger Sherman finally finally suggested the Great suggested the Great Compromise which Compromise which satisfied both big & satisfied both big & small statessmall states

Bicameral CongressBicameral Congress with House of Reps with House of Reps based on population based on population (VA Plan) and Senate (VA Plan) and Senate based on one state = based on one state = one vote (NJ Plan)one vote (NJ Plan)

THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISETHREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE

Next difficult issue: Next difficult issue: Slavery Slavery

Southern states Southern states wanted slaves wanted slaves included in the included in the population figures population figures used to determine used to determine RepresentativesRepresentatives

Northern states which Northern states which had few slaves, had few slaves, disagreeddisagreed

Compromise was to Compromise was to count each slave as count each slave as 3/5ths3/5ths of a person of a person

DIVISION OF POWERSDIVISION OF POWERS

Next issue: Should the Next issue: Should the National government or National government or the states hold power? the states hold power? Who shall be Who shall be sovereign?sovereign?

Delegates choose to split Delegates choose to split power power

FederalismFederalism system system developeddeveloped

Federal government had Federal government had delegated, or enumerated delegated, or enumerated powers (Coin, trade, war, powers (Coin, trade, war, etc.)etc.)

States had reserved States had reserved powers (education)powers (education)

SEPARATION OF POWERSSEPARATION OF POWERS

RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTIONRATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION

The Constitutional The Constitutional Convention adjourned Convention adjourned in September of 1787in September of 1787

Nine of thirteen states Nine of thirteen states had to ratify the had to ratify the ConstitutionConstitution

Supporters of the Supporters of the Constitution were Constitution were Federalists. Those Federalists. Those opposed were Anti-opposed were Anti-FederalistFederalist

FEDERALIST FEDERALIST

Led by Led by Alexander Alexander Hamilton, James Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay,Madison and John Jay, Federalist believed Federalist believed that while the that while the Constitution was not Constitution was not perfect, it was far perfect, it was far superior to the Articles superior to the Articles of Confederationof Confederation

They favored a strong They favored a strong central governmentcentral government

James Madison “Father of the Constitution”

ANTI-FEDERALISTANTI-FEDERALIST The Anti-Federalist The Anti-Federalist

view was that the view was that the Constitution did not Constitution did not guarantee the rights guarantee the rights of the people of the of the people of the statesstates

Led by Led by Patrick Henry, Patrick Henry, George Mason, and George Mason, and Richard Henry Lee, Richard Henry Lee, the the Anti-Federalists Anti-Federalists wanted a Bill of Rights wanted a Bill of Rights to off-set the strong to off-set the strong central governmentcentral government

Lee penned his views in the widely read, Letters from the Federal Farmers

ADOPTION OF THE BILL OF ADOPTION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTSRIGHTS

To satisfy the States-To satisfy the States-Rights advocates, a Rights advocates, a Bill of Rights was Bill of Rights was added to the added to the Constitution to Constitution to guarantee individual guarantee individual rightsrights

The Bill of Rights was The Bill of Rights was ratified in December ratified in December of 1791- three years of 1791- three years after the Constitution after the Constitution was ratifiedwas ratified

First Ten Amendments

OLDEST LIVING CONSTITUTIONOLDEST LIVING CONSTITUTION

The U.S. Constitution The U.S. Constitution is the oldest written is the oldest written national constitution national constitution in the worldin the world

Elastic Clause Elastic Clause key to key to flexibilityflexibility

Also ability to change, Also ability to change, or “amend” the or “amend” the Constitution helps Constitution helps preserve itpreserve it

27 Amendments have 27 Amendments have been addedbeen added

LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION – LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION – SECTION 4SECTION 4

The The herohero of the of the Revolution was the Revolution was the unanimous choice for unanimous choice for the nation’s first the nation’s first presidentpresident

WashingtonWashington took office took office under the Constitution under the Constitution and with the Congressand with the Congress

He faced an enormous He faced an enormous task of creating a task of creating a newnew governmentgovernment

America’s First President

JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 One of Washington’s One of Washington’s

first tasks was to first tasks was to create a judicial create a judicial systemsystem

Judiciary Act set up Judiciary Act set up our justice systemour justice system

The act called for a The act called for a Supreme Court, Supreme Court, federal courts, and federal courts, and district courtsdistrict courts

The system The system guaranteed that the guaranteed that the federal laws would federal laws would remain “supreme”remain “supreme”

WASHINGTON CREATES WASHINGTON CREATES DEPARTMENTSDEPARTMENTS

Washington Washington created created 33 executive branches executive branches

StateState: Thomas : Thomas JeffersonJefferson

WarWar: Henry Knox: Henry Knox TreasuryTreasury: :

Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton

Hamilton Vs. JeffersonHamilton Vs. Jefferson

Hamilton was a Hamilton was a staunch Federalist, staunch Federalist, while Jefferson was while Jefferson was an Anti-Federalistan Anti-Federalist

Hamilton believed Hamilton believed in commerce & in commerce & industry, while industry, while Jefferson believed Jefferson believed in a society of in a society of farmer-citizensfarmer-citizens

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLANHAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN

Hamilton wanted a Hamilton wanted a National Bank National Bank fully fully funded by the funded by the Government Government

Opponents, like James Opponents, like James Madison, felt the Madison, felt the Constitution made no Constitution made no provisions for such a provisions for such a Federal bankFederal bank

Thus begins a long Thus begins a long battle between those battle between those who who interpret the interpret the Constitution loosely Constitution loosely vs. strictlyvs. strictly

TWO-PARTY SYSTEMTWO-PARTY SYSTEM

Differences within Differences within Washington’s cabinet Washington’s cabinet gave rise to a gave rise to a Two-Two-Party SystemParty System

Supporters Hamilton’s Supporters Hamilton’s strong government strong government view called view called themselves themselves FederalistsFederalists

Supporters of Supporters of Jefferson’s vision of a Jefferson’s vision of a strong state strong state government were government were called called Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

WHISKEY REBELLIONWHISKEY REBELLION During Washington’s During Washington’s

22ndnd term in office term in office (1794), (1794), Whiskey Whiskey farmers,farmers, angered by angered by an excessive an excessive taxtax, , attacked tax collectorsattacked tax collectors

Washington Washington responded with great responded with great force (13,000 troops)force (13,000 troops)

Set precedent for Set precedent for armed force to armed force to support federal support federal authority authority

ELECTION OF 1796ELECTION OF 1796 Federalists nominated Federalists nominated

Vice President John Vice President John AdamsAdams

Democratic-Democratic-Republicans Republicans nominated Thomas nominated Thomas JeffersonJefferson

Adams wins and Adams wins and runner-up Jefferson runner-up Jefferson becomes vice-becomes vice-president (as law president (as law dictated)dictated)

Jefferson (left) and Adams

XYZ AFFAIRXYZ AFFAIR

Adams attempts to avoid Adams attempts to avoid war with France after war with France after France ships seize France ships seize American shipsAmerican ships

He sends official to meet He sends official to meet with France foreign with France foreign ministerminister

France sends three low France sends three low level officerslevel officers

Adams is insulted and Adams is insulted and refers to them as “X, Y, refers to them as “X, Y, and Z” and Z”

Next two years an Next two years an undeclared naval war undeclared naval war between France & U.S. was between France & U.S. was wagedwaged

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTSALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

To counter what he To counter what he considered a threat against considered a threat against the government, Adams the government, Adams passed through Congress passed through Congress the the Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

Alien Act raised residence Alien Act raised residence requirements for requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 citizenship from 5 to 14 years and allowed years and allowed President to deport anyonePresident to deport anyone

Sedition Act set fines & jail Sedition Act set fines & jail for anyone making false for anyone making false statements against the statements against the governmentgovernment

STATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFY STATES ATTEMPT TO NULLIFY ALIEN & SEDITION ACTSALIEN & SEDITION ACTS

In an event that would In an event that would foreshadow future foreshadow future conflicts, two Southern conflicts, two Southern States (Va, & Ky.) States (Va, & Ky.) asserted the principle asserted the principle of of nullificationnullification

Nullification meant Nullification meant that a state could that a state could nullify, or consider nullify, or consider void, any act of void, any act of Congress they Congress they deemed deemed unconstitutionalunconstitutional