Ch 2 Phonetics Ch 2 Phonetics Chapter 2 Not responsible for Section 10 Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus Homework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15 Problem Set 1 due 4/17 http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%20 1.pdf Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10 Phonetic s Slide 1
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Chapter 2 Not responsible for Section 10 Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus
Phonetics Slide. 1. Chapter 2 Not responsible for Section 10 Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus Homework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15 Problem Set 1 due 4/17 http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Chapter 2Not responsible for Section 10Section 8 we will talk about, but not focusHomework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15Problem Set 1 due 4/17
Sound classesConsonants, vowels and glidesSonorantSyllabic vs. nonsyllabicGlides
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 5
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
AnatomyParts of the body used for making speech (see video)Figure 2.1 page 19 The glottis - the space between the vocal folds (Figure 2.2) - Voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur (breathy)
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 6
Link for vocal fold video 1 2
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
AnatomyPHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 7
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonant articulationSee Figure 2.3 p. 23 (slide 7)The tongueThe oral tract and places of articulation say: typical, sufficientManners of articulation
places and manner of articulation video
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 8
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonant articulation
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
places and manner of articulation video
alveolar ridge
palate (palatal)
velum (velar)
uvula (uvular)
lips (labial)
teeth (dental)
Phonetics
Slide 9
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants
Phonetics
Slide 10
say: typical = stops; sufficient = fricatives – vary in place of articulation
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Places of articulation (for English)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Lips Teeth Ridge Roof of Soft
Behind top Mouth Palate
Teeth
Bilabial Labiodental Alveopalatal
Interdental Postalveolar
Palatoalveolar
also Glottal
Phonetics
Slide 11
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Order of 3-part descriptive terms:Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
Consonants
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
so [d] is a voiced alveolar stop
Phonetics
Slide 12
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 13
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
International Phonetic Alphabet Sound - symbol correspondenceTranscriptionDownload IPA font at www.sil.org, then go to computing in menu on bottom, then “Fonts in cyberspace”, then select “SIL fonts”, then “SIL IPA93”
Consonants - Stops Oral or nasal (see video1 or 2)Complete obstruction in oral cavityClosure and then release
Glottal stop10 English stops
Phonetics
Slide 15
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T3_Vpc44-0
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Narrowing in oral cavityNear closure - forcing air through small space - hissingFricatives are continuous air through the mouth (continuants)9 English fricatives
Consonants - Fricatives
Phonetics
Slide 16
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - AffricatesDelayed release of stop causing fricative after2 English affricates
Phonetics
Slide 17
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Sibilants/StridentsLouder type of fricative/affricate6 English stridents
Phonetics
Slide 18
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants – Liquids and flapLaterals - air passes over sides of tonguer’s - bunched up tongue or retroflex2 English liquids - plus flap (See video)
Phonetics
Slide 19
Liq
uid
s
Glottal stop vs. flap in the word little
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - GlidesAlmost no obstruction in oral cavity2 English glides[w] is really labiovelar
Phonetics
Slide 20
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 21
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)
Phonetics
Slide 22
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej
1 game
2 faith
3 day
4 case
5 hate
6 waste
Phonetics
Practice 23
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej
1 Jake
2 shape
3 beige
4 hang ?
5 change
Phonetics
Practice 24
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Exercise Examples
Phonetics
Practice 25
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - OtherSyllabic nasals and liquidsVoiceless liquids and glides – after voiceless stops, no s- in front
Phonetics
Slide 26
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants - AspirationPuff of air after initial voiceless stopNot after s-
Phonetics
Slide 27
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words in narrow transcription
- all of them have the vowel [ej]
1 shave
2 taste
3 whale
4 clay
5 ladle
6 tray
Phonetics
Practice 28
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
VowelsDifferent from consonantsA lot more variation (different dialects)Vowels are in a continuous space and gradientDescribed by tongue height and backnessAlso by rounding and tense/lax
Practice - Transcribe (narrow if possible) the following words
1 craft
2 sigh
3 frog
4 paddle
5 loaf
6 through
Phonetics
Practice 37
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
1 oven
2 ice
3 voice
4 thunder
5 joint
Phonetics
Practice 38
Practice - Transcribe the following words – syllabic nasals and liquids
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Suprasegmentals (prosody)
pitch loudness length
Phonetics
Slide 39
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Pitch to change pitch, change tension of vocal folds (raise and lower Adam’s apple) Tone - meaningful differences signaled by different pitches Intonation - pitch changes in spoken utterances not related to differences in word meaning (but that do contain information)
Phonetics
Slide 40
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Tone register tones - level tones (Mpi tones, Hmong tones) contour tones - moving pitch on a word that signals different meanings of words (Chinese tones, Cantonese tones)
Phonetics
Slide 41
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Intonation “Don’t use that tone with me, young lady/man!” Terminal contour Nonterminal contour High rising terminal contours - One time, at band camp Downdrift
Phonetics
Slide 42
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Geminate consonants in ItalianVowel length in Danish
Length
Phonetics
Slide 43
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
More prominence - realized by length, pitch and/or loudness Always relative Primary and secondaryCan be meaningful in English
produce vs. produce - insult
Stress
Phonetics
Slide 44
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Speech Production Coarticulation - more than one articulator is active - please Articulatory processes - adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease of articulation)
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation - when the features or characteristics of one sound spread to another sound
Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of Y spreads to X (backwards).
Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant - bed vs. Ben
Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of X spreads to Y (forward).
Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride
46
Phonetics
Slide
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same voicing as a nearby sound voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless
Phonetics
Slide 47
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound takes on the same place of articulation as a nearby sound Palatalization - making the place of articulation more palatal
Also term used for changing alveolar sound to post-alveolar
Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant changes depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant
Phonetics
Slide 48
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound takes on the same manner of articulation as a nearby sound Nasalization - making vowel nasalized
Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed and second is not) (Flaps are considered continuant so more vowel like)
Phonetics
Slide 49
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation Two sounds become less alike Rare process
Phonetics
Slide 50
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts
Articulatory Processes - Deletion
Phonetics
Slide 51
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis Process that inserts a segment in certain phonetic contexts
Phonetics
Slide 52
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Metathesis Reordering of the sequence of segments
Phonetics
Slide 53
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction In unstressed syllables, vowels become more central Common reduced vowels in English:
Phonetics
Slide 54
high central unrounded vowel
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory processes - Reviewadjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease of articulation)
Assimilation - regressive or progressiveOf voicing - voicing or devoicingPlace of articulation - palatalization, homorganic nasal assimilationManner of articulation - nasalization, flapping
Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced vowels
Phonetics
Slide 55
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory ProcessesWhat processes are involved?
Phonetics
Slide 56
ij = i
uw = u
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Articulatory ProcessesTo identify articulatory process involved, you need to look at differences between the starting (usually careful pronunciation) and ending pronunciation (normal speech)
If a sound is missing = If a sound has been added =If the order of sounds has changed =If a sound has changed:
Determine how the sound has changed (what phonetic property has changed: voicing, place or manner of articulation)Compare this phonetic property to nearby soundsIf the changed phonetic property matches nearby sounds =If the changed phonetic property does not match nearby sounds =
deletion
epenthesis
metathesis
assimilation
dissimilation
Phonetics
Slide 57
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Consonants!!! 3 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!
#1.) Voicing (left = voiceless right = voiced)#2.)Place of Articulation
#3.) Manner of…
Therefore: [d] is a voiced alveolar stop
Remember this!!! *note! (exclamation points are great learning tools!)
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Vowels!!! 4 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!#1.) High or Low
#2.) Front or Back
#3.)Rounded
Or
Unrounded
#4.) Tense or Lax
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Ways to memorize the IPA chart!!!
Learn to draw it from memory in less than 1min!
WOW!!!No seriously, pay attention this is awesome…
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
#1.) How big is it? 6 by 8
68
MANNERS
PLACES
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
#2.) Make up a story!
p(eanut) b(utter)
STORY #2
t(astes) d(elicious) k(ola) g(od) ?
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
S(top)
F(ricking)
A(round)
N(ow)
L(azy)
G(uy)
B L I A Ap P V G
Your story could go here!
STORY#1
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
#3.) Remember cell numbers Get it? Cell numbers… Ha ha ha!
(how many symbols in each row/column?)
7
5 - 2 2 7 - 4 1 5 2Like a phone number 5-227-4152
9232
5
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
#1.) Remember the shape of the distribution
(Where do the symbols exist)?
MANNERS
PLACES
Want more? Vowels? Come to study sessions and office hours!!!
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
Diacritics (there are 3 you need to know!)
Ch 2 PhoneticsCh 2 Phonetics
For next time:Start Ch 3 Phonology – More theoretical and difficult than Ch 2!