Chapter 2 Mineral. Lesson 1 Minerals Mineral characteristics: A substance Forms in mature Forms in mature Is a solid Is a solid Has a definite chemical.

Chapter 2Chapter 2

MineralMineral

Lesson 1 MineralsLesson 1 Minerals

Mineral characteristics: A substanceMineral characteristics: A substance

Forms in matureForms in mature

Is a solidIs a solid

Has a definite chemical makeupHas a definite chemical makeup

Has a crystal structureHas a crystal structure

Everywhere!Everywhere!

We use minerals all the timeWe use minerals all the time

Rocks are not mineralsRocks are not minerals

But rocks are made up of mineralsBut rocks are made up of minerals

Minerals are always made up of the same Minerals are always made up of the same materials in the same proportionmaterials in the same proportion

Rocks have 2-3 of the characteristics and Rocks have 2-3 of the characteristics and have different proportions of materialshave different proportions of materials

Solid as a rock? Solid as a rock?

Minerals have definite volume and a rigid Minerals have definite volume and a rigid shape shape

A liquid and gas cannot be a mineralA liquid and gas cannot be a mineral

Liquids can change into solid forms of Liquids can change into solid forms of mineralsminerals

Example: Water is not a mineral but ice is Example: Water is not a mineral but ice is a minerala mineral

Natural=NatureNatural=Nature

Minerals are formed by natural processesMinerals are formed by natural processes

Form in many ways: Form in many ways:

Halite (salt) formed from evaporating water Halite (salt) formed from evaporating water

Granite formed from cooled molten rockGranite formed from cooled molten rock

Talc (powder) formed from pressure and Talc (powder) formed from pressure and heatheat

Mineral make upMineral make up

Minerals have a chemical make up-Minerals have a chemical make up-specific combination of atoms of elementsspecific combination of atoms of elements

Element is a substance that contains only Element is a substance that contains only one type of atomone type of atom

Atom is the tiniest particle of anythingAtom is the tiniest particle of anything

Most minerals are compounds consisting Most minerals are compounds consisting of several elements in specific proportionsof several elements in specific proportions

Atoms and CrystalsAtoms and Crystals

Types of atoms that make up a mineral Types of atoms that make up a mineral are part of what makes each mineral are part of what makes each mineral uniqueunique

The bond or connection of those atoms is The bond or connection of those atoms is also significant (weak or strong)also significant (weak or strong)

Crystal is a solid in which the atoms are Crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly repeating 3 arranged in an orderly repeating 3 dimensional patterndimensional pattern

Each mineral has its own type of crystal Each mineral has its own type of crystal structure structure

A perfect crystal is rare due to gravityA perfect crystal is rare due to gravity

Most are imperfect due to limited growth Most are imperfect due to limited growth space-other crystals forming next to themspace-other crystals forming next to them

Crystal groups are named by their shapes Crystal groups are named by their shapes and angles formed through their centers and angles formed through their centers

They form all sorts of shapesThey form all sorts of shapes

Classifying MineralsClassifying Minerals

Group based on their chemical make upGroup based on their chemical make up

Most common-silicates (90%) have Most common-silicates (90%) have oxygen and siliconoxygen and silicon

Next is carbonates that have carbon and Next is carbonates that have carbon and oxygenoxygen

Then oxides that are oxygen joined to a Then oxides that are oxygen joined to a metalmetal

Most Common Crust ElementsMost Common Crust Elements

In the Earth’s crust, we find:In the Earth’s crust, we find:

Oxygen 47%Oxygen 47%

Silicon 28 %Silicon 28 %

Aluminum 8%Aluminum 8%

Iron 5%Iron 5%

Calcium 4% Calcium 4%

Other 8%Other 8%

Minerals Minerals

Quartz Feldspar Mica Quartz Feldspar Mica

Halite Ruby DiamondHalite Ruby Diamond

Granite Ice CopperGranite Ice Copper

Graphite Calcite HematiteGraphite Calcite Hematite

Fluorite Garnet Pyrite Fluorite Garnet Pyrite

Talc Topaz Talc Topaz

Geologist Geologist

People that study and specialize in rocks People that study and specialize in rocks and mineralsand minerals

Geologists study the EarthGeologists study the Earth

Lesson 2Lesson 2

How can we identify minerals?How can we identify minerals?

Color and StreakColor and Streak

LusterLuster

Cleavage and FractureCleavage and Fracture

DensityDensity

HardnessHardness

Special properties Special properties

Color and StreakColor and Streak

3 factors determine color: mineral 3 factors determine color: mineral ingredient, exposure to water, and crystal ingredient, exposure to water, and crystal defectsdefects

Some minerals have a different color when Some minerals have a different color when they are ground into fine powderthey are ground into fine powder

The streak is the color of the powder left The streak is the color of the powder left behind when the mineral is scrapedbehind when the mineral is scraped

Luster Luster

Luster refers to how much light reflects off Luster refers to how much light reflects off the mineralthe mineral

Metallic or nonmetallicMetallic or nonmetallic

Luster may vary from sample to sampleLuster may vary from sample to sample

Water makes the luster dullWater makes the luster dull

Cleavage and FractureCleavage and Fracture

Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along FLAT surfacebreak along FLAT surface

Fracture is the tendency of mineral to Fracture is the tendency of mineral to break into IRREGULAR shapesbreak into IRREGULAR shapes

The bond (weak or strong) determines the The bond (weak or strong) determines the cleavage or fracture cleavage or fracture

DensityDensity

Density refers to the amount of mass in a Density refers to the amount of mass in a substancesubstance

Density is determine by the kinds of atoms Density is determine by the kinds of atoms that make up the mineralthat make up the mineral

HardnessHardness

Hardness is the resistance of being Hardness is the resistance of being scratched and is determined by its crystal scratched and is determined by its crystal structure and bond between atomsstructure and bond between atomsMohs Scale measures minerals hardnessMohs Scale measures minerals hardnessTalc is the softest and diamond is the Talc is the softest and diamond is the hardesthardestA mineral can only be scratched by other A mineral can only be scratched by other minerals that have the same hardness or minerals that have the same hardness or harderharder

Special Properties Special Properties

Living organisms form some minerals like Living organisms form some minerals like calcite from oysters and human calcite from oysters and human bones/teethbones/teeth

Fluorescent minerals glow when exposed Fluorescent minerals glow when exposed to ultraviolet lightto ultraviolet light

Some minerals respond to magnetsSome minerals respond to magnets

Rare minerals are radioactive and very Rare minerals are radioactive and very dangerousdangerous

Lesson 3Lesson 3

Minerals are useful in our world: industry, Minerals are useful in our world: industry, art, and technologyart, and technologyMinerals are used for metals for cars and Minerals are used for metals for cars and airplanes, quartz and feldspar for glass, airplanes, quartz and feldspar for glass, fluorite and calcite for toothpaste, silver fluorite and calcite for toothpaste, silver compounds for photographs, mica and talc compounds for photographs, mica and talc for paint, quartz for computer chips, for paint, quartz for computer chips, insulators and filters, gold and silver and insulators and filters, gold and silver and gems for jewelry, etc….gems for jewelry, etc….

Minerals form in many ways: Minerals form in many ways:

Naturally when atoms of one or more Naturally when atoms of one or more elements join together and crystals begin elements join together and crystals begin to growto grow

Minerals form when water evaporatesMinerals form when water evaporates

Minerals grow from cooled magmaMinerals grow from cooled magma

Heat and pressure within the Earth cause Heat and pressure within the Earth cause minerals to formminerals to form

Mining Minerals Mining Minerals

Mining is dangerous Mining is dangerous There are several types of mining: surface There are several types of mining: surface mining, strip mining, open pit mining, and mining, strip mining, open pit mining, and deep miningdeep miningSometimes mining involves clearing land, Sometimes mining involves clearing land, blasting holes in land, drill through land, blasting holes in land, drill through land, cutting and diggingcutting and diggingOre is rocks that contain enough of a Ore is rocks that contain enough of a mineral to be mined for money (profit)mineral to be mined for money (profit)

Surface and Strip Surface and Strip

Surface mining simply pans for minerals in Surface mining simply pans for minerals in dirt or in waterdirt or in water

Strip mining requires all plants, soil and Strip mining requires all plants, soil and rock to be removedrock to be removed

Mining occurs all over the world Mining occurs all over the world

Open pit and DeepOpen pit and Deep

Open pit mining removes the surface layer Open pit mining removes the surface layer of soil and uses explosives to break the of soil and uses explosives to break the rock on the surfacerock on the surface

Deep mining is only used when the Deep mining is only used when the minerals are very deep under ground or minerals are very deep under ground or under a mountain-lights and oxygen and under a mountain-lights and oxygen and safety equipment must travel with the safety equipment must travel with the miners so low miners so low

Geometry of Gems Geometry of Gems

Gems are found in nature but look dull and Gems are found in nature but look dull and roughroughJeweler uses a grinding wheel to shape Jeweler uses a grinding wheel to shape and polish gems into jewelsand polish gems into jewelsJewelers use geometry to help cut gems Jewelers use geometry to help cut gems into shapes with many small flat surfaces into shapes with many small flat surfaces and angles called facets and angles called facets Facets make the gem sparkleFacets make the gem sparkleTEST TIME! TEST TIME!