Chapter 2: Human Body Systems Work Independently and Together 2.1 Body Systems Body systems… • Are made up of __________ parts that work together as a whole • Are connected to one or more other ___________ • Will not function well (or at all) if one part of the system is ________ or ___________. Eleven Body (Organ) Systems
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Chapter 2: Human Body Systems Work Independently and Together
2.1 Body Systems
Body systems…
• Are made up of __________ parts that work together as a whole
• Are connected to one or more other ___________
• Will not function well (or at all) if one part of the system is
________ or ___________.
Eleven Body (Organ) Systems
Tissues: _________ working together
Organs: several types of _________, working together to perform a task.
Organ system: _______ working together to perform vital body functions.
2.2 Digestive and Excretory Systems
Nutrient
• material taken in by the body that has a _________ function.
• Come from what we ______ and __________ (our ‘diet’)
-network of ________ blood vessels that travel to each of the cells.
-walls are _______ to allow exchange of gases and nutrients.
Respiratory System
• organs and tissue that exchange _________ into and out of your body.
Respiration
• process of ____________
Cellular Respiration
• process by which your cells use __________ to release energy from food.
Enzymes
glucose + oxygen ---> energy + CO2 + H2O
Energy - used by cells to do work
CO2 - removed by circulatory and respiratory systems
H2O - removed by excretion
Breathing Rate
• the __________ of times you breathe in a minute • determined by the levels of _________dioxide in the blood
stream. • increased CO2 results in a __________ breathing rate,
removing CO2 from the body quickly.
Path of Air
Nose and Mouth
• __________ (tiny hairs) in nasal cavity filter dust from air. • air is cleaned, warmed and moistened in the _________ cavity.
Pharynx
• opening to the __________ (throat)
Larynx
• _____________; • contains vocal cords which __________ as air passes them.
Epiglottis
• controls what enters the __________
Trachea
• tube entering the __________
• __________bands keep tube open
• tube is lined with __________and __________to filter air.
Bronchi
• 2 tubes, each leading to a __________.
• lined with __________to filter dust.
Bronchioles
• smaller air tubes branching from bronchi to __________
Alveoli
• tiny air _____ surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange takes place.
Diaphragm
• thin, strong, dome-shaped __________that forms the bottom of the chest cavity
Breathing
Inhaling
• ribs move up and outwards.
• diaphragm pulls down and flattens (contracts)
• air moves in (21% oxygen, 0.04% CO2)
Exhaling
• ribs move down and inwards.
• diaphragm relaxes
• air moves out
Gas Exchange
• exchange of oyxgen and carbon dioxide gases occur in the:
a) __________
b) __________
• diffusion - net movement of molecules from an area of _______concentration to an area of _______concentration, until a state of equilibrium is reached.
Diffusion in the Alveoli
• oxygen enters the alveoli at a ________concentration (21%)
• oxygen will diffuse from alveoli to the ________where there is a low concentration of oxygen.
• there is a high concentration of _______ in the blood
• there is a low concentration of CO2 (0.04%) in the __________
• CO2 will diffuse from the blood to the __________and is expelled by the lungs.
Diffusion in the Cells
• there is a __________concentration of CO2 in the cells due to cellular respiration.
• CO2 will diffuse from the __________to the blood.
• O2 will diffuse from the __________to the cells.
Caring for the Respiratory System
Caring for your respiratory system has two parts: fitness and protection.
Like any body part that contains muscle, your respiratory system benefits from __________. Regular exercise helps make breathing more __________.
Protecting your respiratory system requires preventing dangerous substances from entering your __________by avoiding poorly ventilated areas and by wearing breathing masks when necessary.
Smoking
- smoking can be quite harmful to your __________system. - smoking can result in:
o lung _________(cigarettes contain up to 50 carcinogens) o ____________(hardening of alveoli making breathing
difficulties) o __________disease o damage to cilia so that dirt trapped in mucus becomes