Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 1: Streams and Rivers.

Chapter 2 Fresh Chapter 2 Fresh WaterWater

Section 1: Streams and Section 1: Streams and RiversRivers

1. Runoff1. Runoff

Water that flows over the ground Water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the surface rather than soaking into the ground.ground.

2. Tributary2. Tributary

A smaller stream or river that feeds A smaller stream or river that feeds into a main river. into a main river.

3. Watershed3. Watershed

The land area that supplies water to The land area that supplies water to a river system. a river system.

4. Divide4. Divide

A ridge of land that separates one A ridge of land that separates one watershed from another. watershed from another.

55. Erosion. Erosion

The process by which fragments of The process by which fragments of soil and rock are broken off from the soil and rock are broken off from the ground surface and carried away. ground surface and carried away.

6. 6. DepositionDeposition

The process by which soil and The process by which soil and fragments of rock are deposited in a fragments of rock are deposited in a new locationnew location

7. Sediment7. Sediment

The particles of rock and soil that are The particles of rock and soil that are moved by water or wind, resulting in moved by water or wind, resulting in erosion and deposition. erosion and deposition.

8. Headwaters8. Headwaters

The many small streams that come The many small streams that come together at the source of the river. together at the source of the river.

9. Flood plain9. Flood plain

A broad, flat valley through which a A broad, flat valley through which a river flows.river flows.

10. Meander10. Meander

A looping curve formed in a river as A looping curve formed in a river as it winds through its flood plainit winds through its flood plain. .

11. Oxbow lake11. Oxbow lake

The crescent-shaped, cutoff body of The crescent-shaped, cutoff body of water that remains after a river water that remains after a river carves a new channel. carves a new channel.

12. Mouth12. Mouth

The point where a river flows into The point where a river flows into another body of water.another body of water.

13. Delta13. Delta

The area of sediment deposits that The area of sediment deposits that build up near a river’s mouth. build up near a river’s mouth.

14. Levee14. Levee

A long ridge formed by deposits of A long ridge formed by deposits of sediments alongside a river channel. sediments alongside a river channel.

Section 1 NotesSection 1 Notes

11. When rain falls, water either . When rain falls, water either ____________ immediately, ____________ immediately, ___________into the soil, or forms ___________into the soil, or forms ______________. ______________.

evaporatessoaks

runoff

2. Three factors that affect the 2. Three factors that affect the amount of runoff: amount of runoff:

* Nature of the ground surface

* Rate of rainfall

* Whether the land is flat or hilly

3. A river and all its ___________ 3. A river and all its ___________ together make up a _____________.together make up a _____________.

tributariesriver system

Formation of RiverFormation of River

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKTpEMXLO8w&feature=relatedv=TKTpEMXLO8w&feature=related

4. Watersheds are also called4. Watersheds are also called____________________________

Watershed VideoWatershed Videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f63pwrMXkV4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f63pwrMXkV4

Drainage basins.

The 6 Pennsylvania The 6 Pennsylvania WatershedsWatersheds

Quick Watershed DemoQuick Watershed Demo

Materials Plastic sheet Newspaper Spray bottles with colored water Food coloring

PSSA Words PSSA Words Non point source pollution- Non point source pollution- pollution, pollution,

which is spread across the landscape and which is spread across the landscape and can not be identified as coming from any can not be identified as coming from any one particular person or company, is one particular person or company, is called called non-point source pollution. non-point source pollution.

Point Source PollutionPoint Source Pollution

Because non-point source pollution comes Because non-point source pollution comes from across the watershed it is more from across the watershed it is more difficult to regulate than point source difficult to regulate than point source pollution. Reducing non-point source pollution. Reducing non-point source pollution will take the commitment of pollution will take the commitment of everyone in the watershed to change their everyone in the watershed to change their behaviors. behaviors.

ReflectionReflection Write and draw your definition of a

watershed, including all the ways water reaches– a river (water flowing over the land, water

flowing through the land, rain falling directly on the river) and all the ways water is lost from a river (evaporation, flowing downstream, seeping into the ground.

Reflect on what it means to be part of the Pennsylvania watershed. Is it different from what it means to be part of a different water shed?

5. The __________________, the longest 5. The __________________, the longest divide in North America, follows the divide in North America, follows the line of the ______________. line of the ______________.

Continental Divide is the name given to the principal, and Continental Divide is the name given to the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas that separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific that separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from (1) those river systems that drain into the Ocean from (1) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean.Atlantic Ocean.

Continental Divide

Rocky Mountains

Continental Divides of the United Continental Divides of the United

StatesStates--

6. 6. Rivers wear away landforms Rivers wear away landforms through _________ and build new through _________ and build new landforms through __________.landforms through __________. erosion deposition

7. Three factors that affect river speed:7. Three factors that affect river speed:

** (Water flows faster down a (Water flows faster down a

mountainside than over a flat plain. )mountainside than over a flat plain. )

**

(An increase in the amount of water in (An increase in the amount of water in a river causes the river to flow faster. )a river causes the river to flow faster. )

Steepness of its slope

Volume of water in the river

____________________through which the ____________________through which the river flows. river flows.

(As the water in the river rubs against the sides (As the water in the river rubs against the sides and bottom of its channel, it creates friction. This and bottom of its channel, it creates friction. This friction slows the water’s movement. In a shallow, friction slows the water’s movement. In a shallow, narrow channel, almost all the water is in contact narrow channel, almost all the water is in contact with the sides or bottom, and it moves slowly. In with the sides or bottom, and it moves slowly. In a broad, deep channel, however, most of the a broad, deep channel, however, most of the water can flow without any friction, so the river water can flow without any friction, so the river flows faster.)flows faster.)

Shape of the channel

8. The soil in delta areas is very 8. The soil in delta areas is very _______________for farming._______________for farming. fertile

9. 9. A flood occurs when A flood occurs when

* the volume of water in a river increases so much that the river overflows its channel.

Chapter 2 Fresh Chapter 2 Fresh WaterWater

Section 2: Ponds and Section 2: Ponds and LakesLakes

VocabVocab

15. Reservoir15. Reservoir

A natural or artificial lake that stores A natural or artificial lake that stores water for human use.water for human use.

16. Eutrophication16. Eutrophication

The process by which nutrients in a The process by which nutrients in a lake build up over time, causing an lake build up over time, causing an increase in the growth of algae. increase in the growth of algae.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGqZsSuG7aohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGqZsSuG7ao

NotesNotes

1. Ponds are generally __________and 1. Ponds are generally __________and __________than lakes. __________than lakes.

smallershallower

2. 2. Ponds and lakes form when Ponds and lakes form when water collects in ________ and water collects in ________ and ___________ areas of land.___________ areas of land.

hollowsLow lying areas

3. Five ways lakes can be formed:3. Five ways lakes can be formed:**

**

**

**

**

RainfallRainfall

melting snow and icemelting snow and icerunoff supply water to ponds and lakesrunoff supply water to ponds and lakes

fed by riversfed by riversgroundwatergroundwater

4. Lake turnover is the 4. Lake turnover is the _______________change than _______________change than ______________________nutrients throughout nutrients throughout the lake.the lake.

Seasonal

refreshes

Chapter 2 Fresh Chapter 2 Fresh WaterWater

Section 3: Wetlands and Section 3: Wetlands and EnvironmentsEnvironments

17. Wetland17. Wetland

An area of land that is covered with a An area of land that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some shallow layer of water during some or all of the year. or all of the year.

1. Three types of wetland 1. Three types of wetland environments:environments:

A.A. B.B. C. C.

Marshes

SwampsBogs

2. 2. Because of their Because of their _________waters and rich supply of _________waters and rich supply of _________, wetlands provide _________, wetlands provide _________ for many living things._________ for many living things.

shelterednutrients

habitats

3. 3. Wetlands also help control Wetlands also help control floods by __________________________floods by __________________________

Wetland DemoWetland Demo

absorbing extra runoff from heavy rainsabsorbing extra runoff from heavy rains..

Everglades- A wetlandEverglades- A wetland

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUGSiQgobP0v=uUGSiQgobP0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9b9KNtQrZAv=m9b9KNtQrZA

4. 4. Three threats to the Three threats to the Everglades:Everglades:

A.A.

B.B.

C.  C.  

farming has introduced farming has introduced new chemicalsnew chemicals

developers have filled in areas developers have filled in areas of wetland to build of wetland to build new homes and roads.new homes and roads.

New organisms brought into the area New organisms brought into the area accidentally or for pest control accidentally or for pest control compete with other organisms for compete with other organisms for space and food.space and food.

Chapter 2 Fresh Chapter 2 Fresh WaterWater

Section 4: Glaciers and Section 4: Glaciers and IcebergsIcebergs

Section 4Section 4

18. Glacier18. Glacier

A huge mass of ice and snow that A huge mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over the land.moves slowly over the land.

1. Glaciers are formed when:1. Glaciers are formed when:

*Layers of snow pile on top of more *Layers of snow pile on top of more layers of snow. Over time, the weight layers of snow. Over time, the weight of the layers presses the particles of of the layers presses the particles of snow snow

so tightly together that they form so tightly together that they form

a solid block of ice. a solid block of ice.

2. Icebergs form when glaciers 2. Icebergs form when glaciers ____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

break off from a snow-formed glacier

and is floats in open water.

3 _______3 _______ percent of an iceberg is percent of an iceberg is underwater.underwater.

Hazard to ships because it is Hazard to ships because it is often much wider than the often much wider than the visible part of the iceberg.visible part of the iceberg.

Titanic VideoTitanic Video

90%

Global Warming and Global Warming and AntarticaAntartica

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHTWDBF_6ZY&feature=relatedv=yHTWDBF_6ZY&feature=related

Chapter 2 Fresh Chapter 2 Fresh WaterWater

Section 5: Water Section 5: Water UndergroundUnderground

19. Pores19. Pores

Tiny openings in and between Tiny openings in and between particles of rock and soil which may particles of rock and soil which may contain air or water.contain air or water.

20. Permeable20. Permeable

Characteristic of materials that allow Characteristic of materials that allow water to easily pass through them, water to easily pass through them, such as sand and gravel.such as sand and gravel.

21. Impermeable21. Impermeable

Characteristic of materials through Characteristic of materials through which water does not easily pass, which water does not easily pass, such as clay and granite.such as clay and granite.

22. Saturated zone22. Saturated zone

A layer of permeable rock or soil in A layer of permeable rock or soil in which the cracks and pores are which the cracks and pores are totally filled with water.totally filled with water.

23. Unsaturated zone23. Unsaturated zone

A layer of rocks and soil above the A layer of rocks and soil above the water table in which the pores water table in which the pores contain air as well as water.contain air as well as water.

24. Water table24. Water table

The top of the saturated zone, or The top of the saturated zone, or depth to the groundwater in an depth to the groundwater in an aquiferaquifer..

25. Aquifer25. Aquifer

An underground layer of rock or soil An underground layer of rock or soil that holds water.that holds water.

Ogallala Aquifer in NebraskaOgallala Aquifer in Nebraska

is a vast yet shallow is a vast yet shallow

underground water underground water

table table aquiferaquifer

located beneath the located beneath the

Great Plains.Great Plains.

26. Recharge26. Recharge

New water that enters an aquifer New water that enters an aquifer from the surface.from the surface.

27. Artesian well27. Artesian well

A well in which water rises because A well in which water rises because of pressure within the aquifer. of pressure within the aquifer.

28. Spring28. Spring

A place where groundwater bubbles A place where groundwater bubbles or flows out of cracks in the rocks.or flows out of cracks in the rocks.

29. Geyser29. Geyser

A type of hot spring in which the A type of hot spring in which the water is under pressure and bursts water is under pressure and bursts periodically into the airperiodically into the air. .

1. Three Examples of Permeable Materials:1. Three Examples of Permeable Materials:

A.A.

B.B.

C. C.

gravel are permeable materials gravel are permeable materials

SandSand

GravelGravel

Crushed rock

2. List three examples of 2. List three examples of impermeable materials:impermeable materials:

A.A.

B.B.

C. C.

ClaClayy

GraniteGranite

Metal, Glass, etc…

3. 3. People can obtain People can obtain groundwater from an aquifer by groundwater from an aquifer by drilling drilling

______________________________________________________________

a well below the water a well below the water table.table.

4. Water pressure brings 4. Water pressure brings groundwater to the surface naturally groundwater to the surface naturally inin

______________________, ______________________,

______________________, and ______________________, and

_______________________._______________________.

artesian wellartesian well

springspring

a a geysergeyser