Chapter 2 Computer Hardware. Chapter Contents Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 2 Section B: Microprocessors and Memory Section C: Storage Devices Section.

Chapter 2Computer Hardware

Chapter Contents

Chapter 2: Computer Hardware

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Section B: Microprocessors and Memory

Section C: Storage Devices

Section D: Input and Output Devices

Section E: Hardware Security

Desktop and Portable Computers


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A portable computer is a small, lightweight personal computer

A notebook computer (also referred to as a laptop), is a small, lightweight portable computer that opens like a clamshell to reveal a screen and keyboard

A netbook offers even more portability than a standard computer

A tablet computer is a portable computing device featuring a touch-sensitive screen that can be used as a writing or drawing pad

Buying Computer System Components


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Instead of buying a new computer, you might consider upgrading

Microprocessors and Memory


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Microprocessor Basics

Today’s Microprocessors

Random Access Memory

Read-only Memory

EEPROM



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A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions

Usually the most expensive component of a computer

Microprocessor Basics Microprocessor clock

MegahertzGigahertz

Front side bus

Word size

Cache

Level 1 cache (L1)Level 2 cache (L2)

CISC vs. RISC technology


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Serial processing

Pipelining

Parallel processing

Multi-core processor

Benchmarks


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Today’s Microprocessors


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RAM (random access memory) is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system


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Random Access Memory Microscopic capacitors hold the bits that represent data

Most RAM is volatile

Requires electrical power to hold data


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RAM capacity is expressed in megabytes or gigabytes

Personal computers typically feature between 2 GB and 8 GB of RAM

An area of the hard disk, called virtual memory, can be used if an application runs out of allocated RAM


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RAM speed is often expressed in nanoseconds or megahertz

SDRAM is fast and relatively inexpensive

DDR, DDR2, or DDR3

Dual-channel architecture can supply two streams of data over the bus between RAM and the processor


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Read-Only Memory

ROM is a type of memory circuitry that holds the computer’s startup routine

Permanent and non-volatile

The ROM BIOS tells the computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and load it into RAM


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EEPROM

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

More permanent than RAM, and less permanent than ROM

Requires no power to hold data


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QuestionSome computers are suitable for e-mail, word

processing, and similar low-key operations, whereas other computers have the power to keep up while you play complex action games, edit high-resolution videos, and prepare multi-track sound recordings. Which of the following computers is the most powerful? A. Intel Core 2 Quad processor; 4 GB RAM B. AMD Phenom Quad core processor; 3 GB RAM C. Intel Core 2 Quad processor; 2 GB RAM D. Intel Atom processor; 4 GB RAM


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Storage Devices

Storage Basics

Magnetic Disk and Tape Technology

CD, DVD, and Blu-ray Technology

Solid State Storage

Storage Wrap-up


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Storage Basics

A storage medium contains data

A storage device records and retrieves data from a storage medium Data gets copied from a

storage device into RAM, where it waits to be processed

Processed data is held temporarily in RAM before it is copied to a storage medium

Vertical vs. horizontal storage


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Magnetic storage stores data by magnetizing microscopic particles on the disk or tape surface


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Hard disk platters and read-write heads are sealed inside the drive case or cartridge to screen out dust and other contaminants.


A hard disk controller positions the disk, locates data, and interfaces with the components of the system board

SATAUltra ATAEIDESCSI

Not as durable as many other storage technologies

Head crashChapter 2: Computer Hardware

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A floppy disk is a round piece of flexible Mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of magnetic oxide and sealed inside a protective casing

Tape storage is too slow for modern computing


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Optical storage stores data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disk surface

CD, DVD, and Blu-ray storage technologies


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Today’s DVD drives typically have 22X speeds for a data transfer rate of 297 Mbps

Three categories of optical technologies

Read-only (ROM)Recordable (R)Rewritable (RW)


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CD-DA

DVD-Video

CD-ROM

DVD-ROM

CD-R

DVD+R or DVD-R

CD-RW

DVD+RW or DVD-RW

BD-ROM, BD-R, and BD-RE


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Solid State Storage

Solid state storage technology stores data in an erasable, rewritable circuitry

Non-volatile

Card reader may be required

to read data on solid state storage


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Solid State Storage

A USB flash drive is a portable storage device that plugs directly into a computer’s system unit using a built-in connector

Files stored on a USB flash drive can be opened, edited, deleted, and run just as though those files were on magnetic or optical media


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Storage Wrap-up


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Storage Wrap-up


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Question


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Storage devices have varying levels of versatility, durability, speed, and capacity. For a student who owns a computer, but sometimes needs to use computers in the school lab, which storage device is most versatile?

A. Hard disk driveB. CD-RC. Solid state driveD. USB flash drive

Input and Output Devices


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Basic Input Devices

Display Devices

Printers

Installing Peripheral Devices

Basic Input Devices

Keyboard

Pointing device

MicePointing stickTrackpadTrackball Joystick

Touchscreen


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Display Devices


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An LCD manipulates light within a layer of liquid crystal cells

OLED screens use organic light emitting diodes and use less power

Display Devices


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Screen size

Dot pitch

Viewing angle width

Response rate

Color depth

ResolutionVGA, SVGA, XGA, SXGA,

UXGA, WUXGA, and WQXGA

Display Devices


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Display Devices


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Graphics circuitry generates the signals for displaying an image on the screen

Integrated graphicsGraphics cardGraphics processing

unit (GPU)

Printers


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An ink-jet printer has a nozzle-like print head that sprays ink onto paper

A laser printer works like a photocopier

Printers


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Laser printers are a popular technology when high-volumeoutput or good-quality printouts are required.

Printers


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Dot matrix printers produce characters and graphics by using a grid of fine wires

The wires strike a ribbon and the paper

Printers


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Printer features

ResolutionPrint speedDuty cycleOperating costs

– Duplex capability– Memory– Networkability



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The data bus moves data between RAM and the microprocessor

The segment of the data bus to which peripheral devices connect is called the expansion bus

An expansion slot is a long, narrow socket on the system board into which you can plug an expansion card

Expansion cards are small circuit boards that give the computer additional capabilities Expansion slot



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An expansion card simplyslides into an expansion slot. Before you install an expansion card, make sure you unplug the computer and ground yourself—that’s technical jargonfor releasing static electricity by using a special grounding wristband or by touching both hands to a metal object.



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An expansion port passes data in and out of a computer or peripheral device

Examples


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Most peripherals connect to an external USB port

You can easily add USB ports to your computer by using a USB hub



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Other kinds of ports

Plug and Play automatically configures your computer to accommodate new peripheral devices you add

HDMI FireWire VGA DVI

Hardware Security

Anti-theft Devices

Surge Protection and Battery Backup

Basic Maintenance

Troubleshooting and Repair


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Anti-Theft Devices


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A power surge is a sudden increase or spike in electrical energy, affecting the current that flows to electrical outlets

A surge strip is a device that contains electrical outlets protected by circuitry that blocks surges

A UPS is a device that not only provides surge protection, but also furnishes your computer with battery backup power during a power outage


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Basic Maintenance

Computer component failures can be caused by manufacturing defects and other circumstances beyond your control

Keep the keyboard clean

Clean your computer screen on a regular basis

Keep the area clean around your computer

Make sure fans are free of dust


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Basic Maintenance


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Carefully use a cotton swab and a can of compressed air or a vacuum cleaner to remove dust and debris from your keyboard. Sticky liquids are difficult to remove. That can of pop? Better to keep it away from your keyboard.


There are several telltale signs that your computer is in trouble

Failure to power upLoud beepBlank screens and/or error messagesBlack screen of death

Windows Help and Support

Safe Mode


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Question

When you treat your computer carefully and perform basic maintenance, you can avoid many hardware problems, However, if you encounter the black screen of death, what has gone wrong?

A. The operating system has encountered an error from which it cannot recover.

B. Your computer has contracted a virus.C. Your hard disk is full.D. Your display device has malfunctioned.


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FastPoll True/False QuestionsAnswer A for True and B for False

A netbook is a scaled-down version of a standard notebook computer.

Small business computers have better sound and graphics capabilities than home or game computers.

PCs, Macs, and Linux are three computer platforms.

Today’s Macs can be configured to run Windows.

Pentium, Core, Atom, and Athlon are types of microprocessors.


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Today’s computers typically process 8 bits at a time.

Serial processing is when a processor begins executing one instruction before it completes the previous instruction.

In RAM microscopic electronic parts called capacitors hold the bits that represent data.

ROM is a type of memory that holds the computer’s startup routine.


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Hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid state drives are random access devices.

CD-RWs allow you to record data, but data cannot be changed once it is recorded.

VGA, SVGA, and WUXGA are examples of screen resolutions.

A surge strip allows you to use your desktop computer during a power outage.


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Chapter 2 Computer Hardware. Chapter Contents Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 2 Section B: Microprocessors and Memory Section C: Storage Devices Section.

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