Chapter 2 Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware.

Chapter 2

Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware

Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware

Chapter 2

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Explain the hardware requirements for Explain the hardware requirements for Windows 2000 ServerWindows 2000 Server

Explain the importance of using Explain the importance of using Microsoft’s hardware compatibility listMicrosoft’s hardware compatibility list

Determine specifications for your server Determine specifications for your server in terms of the right processor type, bus in terms of the right processor type, bus type, and advanced bus featurestype, and advanced bus features

Chapter 2

Learning Objectives (continued)Learning Objectives (continued)

Select the right network interface card Select the right network interface card (NIC) for your server(NIC) for your server

Calculate the amount of memory needed Calculate the amount of memory needed for your serverfor your server

Plan disk capacity, disk architecture, and Plan disk capacity, disk architecture, and fault tolerancefault tolerance

Plan a backup system and CD-ROM Plan a backup system and CD-ROM specificationsspecifications

Chapter 2

System RequirementsSystem Requirements

Use the Windows 2000 Server basic Use the Windows 2000 Server basic system requirements as a starting point system requirements as a starting point from which to develop server computer from which to develop server computer specificationsspecifications

Chapter 2

Windows 2000 Server Hardware RequirementsWindows 2000 Server

Hardware Requirements

Component Intel Processor Pentium 166 MHz or faster Display VGA or better Memory (RAM) 64 MB for five or fewer clients and 128 MB

for larger networks Hard disk space 685 MB for system files (2 GB

recommended)

Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Server

Chapter 2

Windows 2000 Server Hardware Requirements (continued)

Windows 2000 Server Hardware Requirements (continued)

Component Intel

Floppy disk drive High-density 3.5-inch

CD-ROM drive Required for installations not performed

over the network (12X or faster)

Network interface card (NIC) Required to connect to the network

Mouse or pointing device and

keyboard

Required

Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Server

Chapter 2

Windows 2000 Professional Hardware Requirements

Windows 2000 Professional Hardware Requirements

Component Intel Processor 486 MHz or faster (Pentium recommended

for better performance) Display VGA or better Memory (RAM) 32 MB (64 MB is recommended for better

performance) Hard disk space 500 MB for system files (1 GB

recommended for better performance)

Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Professional

Chapter 2

Windows 2000 Professional Hardware Requirements (continued)

Windows 2000 Professional Hardware Requirements (continued)

Component Intel

Floppy disk drive High-density 3.5-inch

CD-ROM drive Required for installations not performed

over the network (12X or faster)

Network interface card (NIC) Required to connect to the network

Mouse or pointing device and

keyboard

Required

Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Professional

Chapter 2

Windows 2000 Server Compatibility

Windows 2000 Server Compatibility

Check the Microsoft hardware Check the Microsoft hardware compatibility list (HCL) before selecting compatibility list (HCL) before selecting computer hardware for a servercomputer hardware for a server

Chapter 2

Hardware Listed in the HCLHardware Listed in the HCL

Single-processor computersSingle-processor computers Multiprocessor computersMultiprocessor computers Processor upgradesProcessor upgrades PCMCIA hardwarePCMCIA hardware SCSI adapters and drivesSCSI adapters and drives Video adaptersVideo adapters

Chapter 2

Hardware listed in the HCL (continued)

Hardware listed in the HCL (continued)

Network adaptersNetwork adapters Audio adaptersAudio adapters ModemsModems PrintersPrinters Tape devicesTape devices Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)

Chapter 2

CPU SizingCPU Sizing

Select a fast processor Select a fast processor Choose a processor that has a fast Choose a processor that has a fast

clock speedclock speed

Chapter 2

Pentium ComputersPentium Computers

Processor cache: A data storage area Processor cache: A data storage area that is only used by the system that is only used by the system processor.processor. Level 1 (L1) cache, usually 8 - 64 KB, built Level 1 (L1) cache, usually 8 - 64 KB, built

into the processorinto the processor Level 2 (L2) cache that supplements L1 Level 2 (L2) cache that supplements L1

cache and is usually 256 KB to 1 MB.cache and is usually 256 KB to 1 MB.

Chapter 2

L2 Cache in Different Pentium Processors

L2 Cache in Different Pentium Processors

Pentium processor: L2 cache is usually an Pentium processor: L2 cache is usually an SRAM chip on the mother boardSRAM chip on the mother board

Pentium Pro: L2 cache is built into the chipPentium Pro: L2 cache is built into the chip Pentium II and III: L2 cache is on a Pentium II and III: L2 cache is on a

daughter boarddaughter board Celeron processor: has no L2 cacheCeleron processor: has no L2 cache Xeon processor: has special L2 caching for Xeon processor: has special L2 caching for

extra speedextra speed

Chapter 2

Multiprocessor ComputersMultiprocessor Computers

Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP): employs two or more processors, including some computers that can support up to 32 processors

Chapter 2

Clustering ComputersClustering Computers

Shared disk model: Linking two or more Shared disk model: Linking two or more servers to operate as one and to equally servers to operate as one and to equally share resourcesshare resources

Chapter 2

Shared Disk ClusteringShared Disk Clustering

Hub

Server

Server

Disk

Disk

Disk

Disk

Tape drive

CD-ROMarray

Figure 2-1 Shared disk clustering modelFigure 2-1 Shared disk clustering model

Chapter 2

Clustering ComputersClustering Computers

Shared disk nothing model: Linking two Shared disk nothing model: Linking two or more servers to operate as one, but or more servers to operate as one, but with each owning particular disk, CD-with each owning particular disk, CD-ROM, and tape resourcesROM, and tape resources

Chapter 2

Shared Nothing ClusteringShared Nothing Clustering

Figure 2-2Figure 2-2Shared nothing Shared nothing clustering modelclustering model

Hub

Server

Server

Disk

Disk

Disk

Disk

Tape drive

CD-ROMarray

Disk

Disk

Disk

Disk

Tape drive

CD-ROMarray

M ain connection

M ain connection

Backupconnections incase of server

fa ilure

Chapter 2

Bus ArchitecturesBus Architectures

Industry Standard (ISA): 8-bit and 16-bit Industry Standard (ISA): 8-bit and 16-bit bus architecture dating to the early bus architecture dating to the early 1980s1980s

Extended Industry Architecture (EISA): Extended Industry Architecture (EISA): 32-bit bus built on the ISA architecture 32-bit bus built on the ISA architecture with faster throughput by means of bus with faster throughput by means of bus masteringmastering

Chapter 2

Bus Architectures (continued)Bus Architectures (continued)

Micro channel Architecture (MCA): 32-Micro channel Architecture (MCA): 32-bit bus proprietary to IBM computers bit bus proprietary to IBM computers and having a slightly faster transfer rate and having a slightly faster transfer rate than EISAthan EISA

Peripheral Computer Interface (PCI): Peripheral Computer Interface (PCI): 32-bit and 64-bit bus with the fastest 32-bit and 64-bit bus with the fastest data transfer rate and local bus data transfer rate and local bus capabilitycapability

Chapter 2

Plug and PlayPlug and Play

Plug and Play: Ability of added Plug and Play: Ability of added computer hardware, such as an adapter computer hardware, such as an adapter or modem, to identify itself to the or modem, to identify itself to the computer operating system for computer operating system for installationinstallation

Chapter 2

USBUSB

Universal serial bus: A bus standard that Universal serial bus: A bus standard that enables you to attach all types of devices – enables you to attach all types of devices – keyboards, cameras, pointing devices, keyboards, cameras, pointing devices, telephones, and tape drives, for example – to telephones, and tape drives, for example – to one bus port on a computer. Up to 127 devices one bus port on a computer. Up to 127 devices can be attached to one port and it is not can be attached to one port and it is not necessary to power off the computer when you necessary to power off the computer when you attach a device. USB was developed to replace attach a device. USB was developed to replace the traditional serial and parallel bus the traditional serial and parallel bus technologies on computers.technologies on computers.

Chapter 2

Choosing NICsChoosing NICs

Network interface card: Network interface card: An adapter board designed to connect a workstation, server, or other network equipment to a network medium.

Chapter 2

NIC ComponentsNIC Components

A connector for the network mediumA connector for the network medium A transceiverA transceiver A controller for MAC protocol A controller for MAC protocol

communications and addressingcommunications and addressing Protocol control firmwareProtocol control firmware

Chapter 2

NIC Duplex ModesNIC Duplex Modes

Half duplex: ability to send or receive Half duplex: ability to send or receive signals, but not simultaneouslysignals, but not simultaneously

Full duplex: capacity to send and Full duplex: capacity to send and receive signals at the same timereceive signals at the same time

Chapter 2

Setting the Duplex ModeSetting the Duplex Mode

Figure 2-4 NIC Duplex Mode settingFigure 2-4 NIC Duplex Mode setting

Chapter 2

Memory Sizing GuidelinesMemory Sizing Guidelines

Operating system Processor type Memory

Windows 2000 Server for five or fewer users Intel 64 MB

Windows 2000 Server for over five users Intel 128 MB to 4GB

Windows 2000 Advanced Server Intel 128 MB to 64 GB

Windows 2000 Datacenter Intel 128 MB to 64 GB

Table 2-3 Memory Guidelines

Chapter 2

Memory TypeMemory Type

Make sure that the memory used in a Make sure that the memory used in a server is error checking and correcting server is error checking and correcting (ECC)(ECC) EEC: Memory that can correct some types EEC: Memory that can correct some types

of memory problems without causing of memory problems without causing computer operations to halt computer operations to halt

Chapter 2

Troubleshooting TipTroubleshooting Tip

Microsoft generally recommends a Microsoft generally recommends a minimum of 128 MB on all versions of minimum of 128 MB on all versions of Windows 2000 Server (unless there are Windows 2000 Server (unless there are 5 or fewer users), however, they also 5 or fewer users), however, they also recommend that you use at least 256 recommend that you use at least 256 MB or more for best performance. MB or more for best performance.

Chapter 2

Disk CapacityDisk Capacity

Estimate disk capacity to include:Estimate disk capacity to include: Operating system filesOperating system files Software filesSoftware files Data and database filesData and database files User filesUser files General public filesGeneral public files Utility filesUtility files Server management files Server management files

Chapter 2

Example Disk Capacity Calculation

Example Disk Capacity Calculation

Operating System Files EstimatedSize

Microsoft 2000 Server (depending on the accessories and servicesinstalled)

685 MB

Subtotal 685 MBApplication Software Estimated

SizeMicrosoft Office 150 MBMicrosoft Exchange 150 MBParadox database software 70 MBAccounting software 250 MBLegal time accounting software 200 MBClient databases 275 MBCourt forms 52 MBContracts forms 42 MBTax law forms 41 MBWills legal forms 45 MBBankruptcy legal forms 35 MBDatabase query software 72 MB

Subtotal 1,382 MB

Chapter 2

Example Disk Capacity Calculation (continued)Example Disk Capacity Calculation (continued)

User Directories EstimatedSize

Each user 100 MB * 22 2,200 MBSubtotal 2,200MB

Public Directories EstimatedSize

Shared directories containing word processing files, spreadsheets,and data

590 MB

Utility directories 50 MBSubtotal 640MB

Server Management Software EstimatedSize

Extra utilities for server and network management 175 MBSubtotal (175) MB

Total 5,082 MB

Chapter 2

Disk Drive Design Issues that Affect Disk Contention

Disk Drive Design Issues that Affect Disk Contention

Speed of the individual disks Speed of the individual disks Speed of the disk controllers Speed of the disk controllers Speed of the data pathway to the disksSpeed of the data pathway to the disks Number of disk pathwaysNumber of disk pathways Disk cachingDisk caching

Chapter 2

Disk Drive InterfacesDisk Drive Interfaces

Integrated Device Electronics (IDE): An inexpensive Integrated Device Electronics (IDE): An inexpensive hard disk interface that is used on Intel-based hard disk interface that is used on Intel-based computers from the 80286 to Pentium computerscomputers from the 80286 to Pentium computers

Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI): An early Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI): An early device interface for computer peripherals and hard device interface for computer peripherals and hard disk drivesdisk drives

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): A 32- or Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): A 32- or 64-bit computer adapter that transports data 64-bit computer adapter that transports data between one or more attached devices, such as between one or more attached devices, such as hard disks, and the computerhard disks, and the computer

Chapter 2

Simple Disk Controller Architecture

Simple Disk Controller Architecture

Server

Disk Controller

D isk Drive

Figure 2-5 Disk controller connecting a disk driveFigure 2-5 Disk controller connecting a disk drive

Chapter 2

SCSI ArchitectureSCSI Architecture

Figure 2-6 Figure 2-6 Ultra SCSI adapter connected to two disk drives and a tape driveUltra SCSI adapter connected to two disk drives and a tape drive

Ultra SCSI adapterp lugged in to main

server board

Contro ller andD isk D rive Unit

Contro ller andD isk D rive Unit

Contro ller and TapeUnit w ith SCSI Cable

Terminated on theContro ller Card

SCSI Cable

Chapter 2

SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates

SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates

Interface Data Transfer Rate

SCSI-1 Up to 5 MBps

Narrow SCSI-2 Up to 10 MBps

Wide SCSI-2 Up to 20 MBps

Ultra SCSI Up to 20 MBps

Wide Ultra SCSI Up to 40 MBps

Ultra2 SCSI Up to 80 MBps

SCSI-3 (RISC) Up to 100 MBps

Table 2-5 SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates

Chapter 2

Troubleshooting TipTroubleshooting Tip

Omitting the cable terminator is a Omitting the cable terminator is a common problem when connecting common problem when connecting several devices to one SCSI adapter. If several devices to one SCSI adapter. If you experience difficulty recognizing you experience difficulty recognizing hard disk storage during the Windows hard disk storage during the Windows 2000 Server installation, check to make 2000 Server installation, check to make sure the terminator is connected to the sure the terminator is connected to the last device on the SCSI cable.last device on the SCSI cable.

Chapter 2

Design TipDesign Tip

One method to significantly increase One method to significantly increase performance on a server is to purchase two performance on a server is to purchase two or more hard disk drives and divide the flow or more hard disk drives and divide the flow of data between two or more data pathways of data between two or more data pathways by placing drives on different adapters.by placing drives on different adapters.

Chapter 2

Setting Up Multiple Disk Pathways

Setting Up Multiple Disk Pathways

Server

U ltra SCSI adapterContro ller anddisk drive unit

Contro ller anddisk drive unit

SCSI Cable

U ltra SCSI adapter

Figure 2-7Figure 2-7Using two SCSI adapters to create separate data paths for hard disk drivesUsing two SCSI adapters to create separate data paths for hard disk drives

Chapter 2

Disk Mirroring Disk Mirroring

Disk mirroring: A fault tolerance method Disk mirroring: A fault tolerance method that prevents data loss by duplicating that prevents data loss by duplicating data from a main disk to a backup disk. data from a main disk to a backup disk. Some operating systems also refer to Some operating systems also refer to this as disk shadowing.this as disk shadowing.

Chapter 2

Disk Mirroring ArchitectureDisk Mirroring Architecture

Disk Disk

Primary driveM irrored drive

Contro ller oradapter

Figure 2-8 Disk mirroringFigure 2-8 Disk mirroring

Chapter 2

Disk DuplexingDisk Duplexing

Disk duplexing: Disk duplexing: A fault tolerance method A fault tolerance method similar to disk mirroring in that it prevents similar to disk mirroring in that it prevents data loss by duplicating data from a main data loss by duplicating data from a main disk to a backup disk; but disk duplexing disk to a backup disk; but disk duplexing places the backup disk on a different places the backup disk on a different controller or adapter than is used by the controller or adapter than is used by the main disk.main disk.

Chapter 2

Disk Duplexing ArchitectureDisk Duplexing Architecture

Primary drive

M irrored drive

Disk

Disk

Figure 2-9 Disk duplexingFigure 2-9 Disk duplexing

Chapter 2

RAID Fault ToleranceRAID Fault Tolerance

RAID level 0: Disk striping with no RAID level 0: Disk striping with no redundancyredundancy

RAID level 1: Disk mirroring or RAID level 1: Disk mirroring or duplexingduplexing

RAID level 2: Disk striping across an RAID level 2: Disk striping across an array of disks in which all disks store array of disks in which all disks store error-correction data in case of a disk error-correction data in case of a disk failurefailure

Chapter 2

RAID Fault Tolerance (continued)

RAID Fault Tolerance (continued)

RAID level 3: Similar to RAID level 2, but RAID level 3: Similar to RAID level 2, but error-correcting data is stored on only one error-correcting data is stored on only one diskdisk

RAID level 4: Similar to RAID level 2, but an RAID level 4: Similar to RAID level 2, but an added feature is checksum verification data added feature is checksum verification data stored on one diskstored on one disk

RAID level 5: Similar to RAID level 4, but RAID level 5: Similar to RAID level 4, but error-correction and checksum data are error-correction and checksum data are spread over all disksspread over all disks

Chapter 2

RAID Supported by Windows 2000

RAID Supported by Windows 2000

RAID level 0RAID level 0 RAID level 1RAID level 1 RAID level 5RAID level 5

Chapter 2

Features of the Windows 2000 Disk Management Snap-in

Features of the Windows 2000 Disk Management Snap-in

Status information about drivesStatus information about drives Ability to create and format partitionsAbility to create and format partitions Ability to change drive letter Ability to change drive letter

assignmentsassignments Support for FAT and NTFS drivesSupport for FAT and NTFS drives Ability to create mirrored, striped, RAID-Ability to create mirrored, striped, RAID-

5, and spanned volumes5, and spanned volumes

Chapter 2

Disk Management Snap-InDisk Management Snap-In

Figure 2-10 Windows 2000 Disk Management snap-inFigure 2-10 Windows 2000 Disk Management snap-in

Chapter 2

Analysis Issues Affecting Disk Fault Tolerance Selection

Analysis Issues Affecting Disk Fault Tolerance Selection

Importance of the dataImportance of the data Tolerance for down time when a failure Tolerance for down time when a failure

occursoccurs Amount of data that must be storedAmount of data that must be stored How fast the data must be accessedHow fast the data must be accessed Budget for equipment purchases and Budget for equipment purchases and

supportsupport

Chapter 2

Software RAID and Hardware RAID Compared

Software RAID and Hardware RAID Compared

Hardware RAID is more expensiveHardware RAID is more expensive Hardware RAID is generally faster for read and Hardware RAID is generally faster for read and

write accesswrite access Ability to place boot and system files on all Ability to place boot and system files on all

configurations of hardware RAID configurations of hardware RAID Hardware RAID can include the ability to “hot Hardware RAID can include the ability to “hot

swap” disksswap” disks Hardware RAID generally has more setup and Hardware RAID generally has more setup and

configuration optionsconfiguration options

Chapter 2

Planning TipPlanning Tip

Purchase hardware RAID from a vendor Purchase hardware RAID from a vendor that does not use all proprietary that does not use all proprietary components so you can use disk drives, components so you can use disk drives, cables, and various parts from other cables, and various parts from other vendors.vendors.

Chapter 2

Backup MediaBackup Media

Plan your server so that it can be Plan your server so that it can be backed up using removable media such backed up using removable media such as tapes, Zip/Jaz disks, CD-ROMs, CD-as tapes, Zip/Jaz disks, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs, and CD-RWs.Rs, and CD-RWs.

Chapter 2

Design TipDesign Tip

Attach tape backup systems to adapters or Attach tape backup systems to adapters or controllers that do not also have disk storage controllers that do not also have disk storage attached.attached.

Chapter 2

Tape Drive ArchitectureTape Drive Architecture

Server

U ltra SCSI adapter

SCSI Cable

U ltra SCSI adapter

Contro ller

RAID unit

Contro ller

Tape drive unit

Figure 2-11 Connecting a tape drive to a separate adapterFigure 2-11 Connecting a tape drive to a separate adapter

Chapter 2

CD-ROM DriveCD-ROM Drive

Equip your server with a fast CD-ROM drive Equip your server with a fast CD-ROM drive from which to load the Windows 2000 Server from which to load the Windows 2000 Server operating system, device drivers, and operating system, device drivers, and application softwareapplication software

Implement a CD-ROM “jukebox” in situations Implement a CD-ROM “jukebox” in situations where users will access CD-ROM resources where users will access CD-ROM resources over the networkover the network

Chapter 2

Example CD-ROM JukeboxExample CD-ROM Jukebox

Figure 2-12 CD-ROM “jukebox”Figure 2-12 CD-ROM “jukebox”

Chapter 2

Implementation TipImplementation Tip

Fully set up and test all server Fully set up and test all server componentscomponents

Allow for a “burn-in” periodAllow for a “burn-in” period

Chapter 2

Chapter SummaryChapter Summary

Server hardware comes in a full range of Server hardware comes in a full range of sophisticated options including fast sophisticated options including fast processors and fault-tolerant disk drives.processors and fault-tolerant disk drives.

Plan server hardware to meet or exceed Plan server hardware to meet or exceed the needs of the intended implementation.the needs of the intended implementation.

Begin the selection process by consulting Begin the selection process by consulting the Microsoft HCL.the Microsoft HCL.

Chapter 2

Chapter SummaryChapter Summary

Select a fast bus architecture and other Select a fast bus architecture and other features that enable you to expand the features that enable you to expand the server as needed.server as needed.

Implement disk storage using fast Implement disk storage using fast channel technology such as SCSI or channel technology such as SCSI or Fibre Channel and include fault Fibre Channel and include fault tolerance in your planning.tolerance in your planning.

Chapter 2

Chapter SummaryChapter Summary

Implement at least one CD-ROM drive Implement at least one CD-ROM drive to load software and drivers.to load software and drivers.

Plan to test the server hardware before Plan to test the server hardware before you install Windows 2000 Server.you install Windows 2000 Server.