CHAPTER 2 Basic ChemistryBASIC CHEM REVIEW
Differentiate between matter and energy
matter is anything that takes up space and has mass
energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion
Potential energy
stored energy
Kinetic energy
energy in action/motion
4 major energy forms
1. chemical energy
2. electrical energy
3. mechanical energy
4. electromagnetic energy
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
eg: ATP
Electrical energyenergy that is carried by charged particles eg:
nerve impulsesMechanical energyenergy directly involved in moving
matter
Electromagnetic energy travels in wavesChemical Element
a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom
distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons
in its nucleusFour elements that make up about 96% of body matter
are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogenAtom The basic unit of
matter. Has a nucleus at its center and contains protons, neutrons,
and electrons.Mass (amu) of Subatomic Particles
Proton: 1
Electron: 0.0005
Neutron: 1Atomic number
The number of protons same as electrons
Atomic mass
A weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring
isotopes of an element
What is atomic weight?
The atomic weight of an element reflects the number of grams per
mole (g/mol) of the element.
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of
neutrons but the same number of protons
Radioisotopenucleus of unstable isotopeMolecule Two or more
atoms joined in a chemical bond(Atoms joined with other atoms)ex:
Complex Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic AcidiveWhat
Is the Difference between a Molecule and a Compound?
MOLECULE = SAME ELEMENT
COMPOUND = DIFFERENT ELEMENT
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms of an element
chemically join together.If the types of atoms are different from
each other, a compound is formed. Not all molecules are
compounds.
Octet Rule
States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to
aquire the stable electron configuration of a noble gas.
Hydrogen Bond
Bonds between molecules.
Hydrogen atom is bonded covalently to an electronegative atom
and is also attracted to another electronegative atom
ColloidsHeterogenous mixtures that have large particles that
reflect light and settle out of the mixture.SolutionsHomogenous
mixture; solutes dissolved in a solventSolutions have particles
which are so small, that they do not reflect light or settle
out.SuspensionsHETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES that separate into layers
over timeExample of colloidsgelatin; cytosolExample of
suspension?mixture of sand and water; bloodPolar vs Nonpolar
compoundsare both covalent bondsPolar (Hydrophilic) = poles are far
apart, and different, will dissolve in water; electron sharing is
not equal`
Nonpolar (Hydrophobic) = oil/water, lipophilic; equal electron
sharing
(electrons are unevenly shared)
Synthesis Reaction
Chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to
form one more complex substance.For example:A + B --> ABAmino
acids into proteinsDecomposition Reaction
The breakdown of a compound into two or more components.
Ex: glycogen molecules breakdown to simpler sugarsExchange
reactionAB+CD----> AC+BDex: ATP transferring phosphate
Redox Reaction (Reduction-Oxidation Reaction)
A chemical reaction involving thE transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another.
EX: Food fuels converted into ATPWhy are chemical reactions in
the body often irreversible?
Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless
energy is put back into the system.
Describe factors that affect chemical reaction ratesTemperature:
affects kinetic energy
Concentration: reactions process rapidly when reactors are in
high numbers
Particle size: smaller particles move faster
Catalysts: substances that increase reactionsWhy is water
important to the process of homeostasis?
1. High heat capacity
2. High heat vaporization
3. Polar solvent
4. Reactivity
5. Cushioning
Why is salt important in homeostasis?Maintaining proper ionic
balance.pH unitsmeasure concentration of hydrogen ions in body
fluidsThe greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution,
the more _________ a solution is.AcidicThe greater the
concentration of hydroxyl ions, the more _________ a solution
is.BasicOn the PH scale if it is below 7 it is:AcidicAbove 7 on the
pH scale isbasicWhat is an atom composed of?
Nucleus positive charged center
Electrons negative charged particles that surround the
nucleus
During metabolic reactions, electrons can be transferredfromthe
atoms of one moleculetothe atoms of another molecule
How to calculate1. atomic number2. atomic weight (atomic
mass)
1 = # of protons in the nucleus
2 =the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleusWhat are the
different types of chemical bonds?
covalent bonds - atoms share one of more pairs of electrons
(strongest)
ionic bonds - between two oppositely charged ions
hydrogen bonds - form between hydrogen atom of one molecule and
the more electronegative atom in a polar bond of another
compoundWhat is an example of an ionic bond?
Na + Cl (salt) chemical identities of sodium and chlorine are
lost. electrons are transferred from sodium to chlorine.
What is an example of a covalent bond?Water (H20)What is an
example of a hydrogen bond?The attraction between the oxygen of one
water molecule and the hydrogen of an adjacent
molecule.Define:Carbohydrates-Sugars and starches
-Contain C, H, and O
-Three Classes
-Monosaccharides
-Disaccharides
-Polysaccharides
-Major source of cellular foodDefine:Lipids
Fats and Oils
Function as long term energy storage
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Triglycerides, SterioidsDefine: amino acids.
the building blocks of proteins; small molecules that bond
together to make a protein.Define: Nucleic Acids
Composed of smaller units called nucleotides. Contain the
instructions and codes for building proteins. DNA and RNA are
examples of Nucleic Acids.Monosaccharide(with example)
The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer
for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple
sugars.
Ex: Glucose, Galactose, FructoseWhat is a disaccharide? Give an
example.
When two simple sugars are bonded together( 2 monosaccharides);
glucose and galactose makes lactose.What is a Polysaccharide? Give
example.
A chain of multiple monosaccarides.Ex.cellulose, glycogen, and
chitinWhere do you find carbohydrates in your diet?
-bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, vegetables, fruits, milk, sugars,
diary, yogurtWhere in cell can you find carbohydrates?
Mitochondria would turn it into energy. Vacuoles, store energy.
Cell membrane and wallWhat are Cellulose and Starch, and how are
they similar?
Cellulose: a substance that is the main component of plant cell
walls, cannot be digested by humans and is made up of glucose
monomers.Starch: functions as a carbohydrate store for humans, can
be digested by humans and is necessary to the human diet. Made up
of glucose monomers.
How are they similar? both made of glucose monomers, both common
carbohydrates.How are cellulose, starch and glycogen different?They
differ in how the glucose chains are linked together.Define:
TriglyceridesPrimary form of lipid in the diet. Formed of three
fatty acids on a glycerol backbone.Define: steroidsA lipid
structure is 4 fused carbon rings. Examples cholesterol, sex
hormones.Define: phospholipidsA glycerol + a phosphate group +2
fatty acids, primary components of cell membranes.What is the basic
structure of an amino acid?It contains an amino group (NH2) an acid
group (COOH) and a side chain (R)What are the four levels of
protein structurePrimary - sequence of amino acids linked together
(linear)Secondary - helix or pleated sheet, chain of amino acids
folds back on itself to to hydrogen bondingTertiary - three
dimensional shareQuaternary - relationships among multiple
polypeptideWhat are the four levels of protein structure?Primary -
sequence of amino acids linked together (linear)Secondary - helix
or pleated sheet, chain of amino acids folds back on itself to to
hydrogen bondingTertiary - three dimensional shareQuaternary -
relationships among multiple polypeptideBIOCHEMISTRY
Define BIOCHEMISTRYThe study of chemical composition and
reaction in living matter.Why is water in living organisms?
Most abundance inorganic compound.
60-80% of living cells
Properties of water
High heat CAPACITY
High heat VAPORIZATION
POLAR solvent
REACTivity
CUSHIONING
What are salts?Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in
water.Common salts in the body:
Sodium chloride
Calcium carbonate
Potassium chloride
Calcium phosphates
What are considered electrolytes?Acids and basesWhat type of
compound is known as a proton donor?AcidsWhat makes a compound a
proton acceptor?BasesAcids do what with H+ cations?releaseBases do
what with H+ cationstake up/bind withWhat happens when an acid or
base is added to water?They ionize and dissociate.What do buffers
do?Resist abrupt and large swings in pH in the blood.Buffers
release H+ ions if..pH risesBuffer binds H+ ions if...pH
fallsBuffer system in the blood:Carbonic acid bicarbonate
systemCarbon is...Electroneutral, covalently bonded.Examples of
organic compounds in our body:Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic
acidsHow are bonds formed?Dehydration synthesis
Bonds are broken by:HydrolysisPolymers are built
by...monomersFacts about carbs:
Sugar and starches
Polymers
Monosaccharides
Dissaccarides
Polysacchardies
Three classes of sugars
Monosacc-one sugar
Disacc-two sugars
Polysacc-many sugars
Facts about LIPIDS insoluble in water, triglycerides,
phospholipids, steroids, eisocanoidsTriglycerides (neutral
fats)
Lipids that are composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
Fats when solid
Oils when liquid
What are the main functions of Triglycerides? Energy storage,
Insulation, ProtectionTypes of fatty acids
saturated
unsaturated
trans fats (unhealthy)
omega-3 (heart healthy(
Phospholipids
Modified triglycerides
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Polar head
Makes up cell membrane thus making life possibleSteroids
Lipids that have carbon skeletons with 4 fused rings oh- group
attached to one end
ex. cholesterol, testosterone & progesterone
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids (20) typesStructural Levels of
Proteins
Primary (1') Secondary (2') Tertiary (3') Quaternary
(4')Protein:
Secondary Structures
Alpha helix - coil
Beta pleated sheets -folded formed from H+ bonds BETWEEN
polypeptide backbone
Fibrous proteins
STRUCTURAL; consist of long, fiber-like shapes
-alpha keratins: structure and support
Globular proteins
FUNCTIONAL protein molecules composed of one or more polypeptide
chains that take on a rounded, spherical shapeProtein
denaturation
tertiary structure, or protein folding isdestroyedby changes in
pH temperature ionic concentration active sites are
destroyedEnzymes act like and are made up of 2 parts:
Apoenzyme - protein portion
Cofactor - metal ion
Proteins that act like catalysts and help speed up chemical
reactions.
What Enzymes do, how is it named and works on what basis?
1. name of substrate + "ase" 2. cause reaction but not
chemically involved 3. lower activation energy4. work on a
"lock-key" structural basisNucleic Acids
Description: A group of long linear macromolecules, DNA or RNA,
that carry genetic information that are composed of
nucleotides.
Polymers of nucelotides
Monomers of nucleic acids nucleotidesDNA
double helix in nucleus
deoxyribose
provides instructions for protein synthesis
replaces before cell divisions ensuring genetic continuity.
What are the four nitrogen bases that DNA is composed of?
Guanine,
Adenine,
Cytosine, ThymineNitrogen Bases found in RNA Adenine* Uracil*
Guanine Cytosine*ATP
absorbs chemical energy in glucose
phosphorylation - energy coupling
made in the mitochondrionof the cell
Structure of ATP
ATP is composed of:
ribose (a sugar)
adenine (a nitrogenous base)
and three phosphate groups
3 places for nucleophile to attack