CHAPTER 2 Earthquakes
Feb 24, 2016
CHAPTER 2Earthquakes
EARTHQUAKES OCCUR ALONG FAULTSChapter 2.1
ROCKS MOVE ALONG FAULTS Fault: fracture or break in Earth’s lithosphere along
which blocks of rock move past each other. Stress: Force exerted when an object pushes or pulls on
another object. Earthquake: shaking of the ground caused by the sudden
movement of large blocks of rock along a fault
ROCKS MOVE ALONG FAULTS Most faults are located at tectonic plate boundaries 80% of all earthquakes occur in the belt around the
pacific ocean. San Andreas fault is best known fault in U.S.
FAULTS ARE CLASSIFIED BY HOW ROCKS MOVE Normal Faults: occur as rocks are pulled apart common
in the Great Rift Valley of Africa
REVERSE FAULTS Occur near collision-zone boundaries Block of rock above the fault plane moves up relative to
the other block.
SLIP STRIKE FAULT Blocks of rock move sideways on either side of the fault
plane Horizontal movement of rock
EARTHQUAKES RELEASE ENERGYChapter 2.2
ENERGY FROM EARTHQUAKES TRAVELS THROUGH EARTHSeismic Waves: energy waves that travel
as vibrations caused by earthquakesFocus: point underground where rocks
first begin to move, start of earthquakeEpicenter: point on Earth’s surface directly
above the focusEarthquakes are usually named for the city
closest to the epicenter
ENERGY FROM EARTHQUAKES TRAVELS THROUGH EARTH
WAVES AND ENERGY
What are some examples of waves in your world?
All waves including seismic waves carry energy from place to place
PRIMARY WAVESFastest seismic wavesAlso known as P-wavesTravel at 3mi/secParticles are pulled apart and pushed
together in the direction the waves’ travel
SECONDARY WAVESSecond seismic waves to arrive at a
location after an earthquakeAlso known as S-wavesHalf the speed of primary wavesParticles of materials move at right angle
to the direction of the wave’s travel
SURFACE WAVES
Seismic waves that move along Earth’s surface
Slowest seismic waveCause the most damage
SEISMIC WAVES
SEISMIC WAVES
SEISMIC WAVES CAN BE MEASUREDSeismograph: instrument that constantly
records ground movements.
USING SEISMOGRAPHSRecord side-to-side and up-and-down
movements.Seismographs measure thousands of
earthquakes around the world every yearBy studying seismogram, scientists can
determine the locations and strengths of earthquakes.
LOCATING AN EARTHQUAKE1. Scientists find the difference between the
arrival times of the p and s waves at each of three stations
2. The time difference is used to determine the distance of the epicenter from each station
3. A circle is drawn around each station with a radius corresponding to the epicenter’s distance from that station
LOCATING AN EARTHQUAKE
LOCATING AN EARTHQUAKE
Scientists use seismograph data to locate the focus of an earthquake
A seismogram can help determine an earthquakes magnitude (strength)
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE CAN BE REDUCEDChapter 2.3
EARTHQUAKES CAN CAUSE SEVERE DAMAGE AND LOSS OF LIFEEvery year on average an earthquake
of magnitude 8 or higher strikes somewhere on Earth.
Most injuries and deaths are not caused by the movement of the ground but by collapsing buildings and fires.
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE First scale developed by Charles Richter, the Richter
scale. Newer scale is called the moment magnitude scale Each step up is an increase of 32 times the previous
value.
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE
DAMAGE FROM EARTHQUAKES Aftershock: smaller earthquake that follows a more
powerful earthquake in the same area. Liquefaction: a process in which shaking of the ground
causes soil to act like a liquid. Tsunami: water wave triggered by an earthquake,
volcanic eruption or landslide.2004 Sumatra tsunami killed nearly 300,000 people
SCIENTISTS WORK TO MONITOR AND PREDICT EARTHQUAKES
STRUCTURES CAN BE DESIGNED TO RESIST EARTHQUAKE DAMAGEBest to be outdoors far from buildings
during an earthquakeUse base isolators to insulate building
from shockShear walls add strength to a buildingCross braces add structure
STRUCTURES CAN BE DESIGNED TO RESIST EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE