Chapter 2

Chapter 2Europe Looks Onward

Section 1: The Age of Exploration

I can understand why the search for a water route to Asia affected both Europe and the Americas.

Tree Map Information

•Bullet #1: The Vikings set up a colony in Newfoundland.•Bullet #2: Christopher Columbus,

seeking a sea route to Asia, reached the West Indies in 1492 instead.•Bullet #3: European explorers

continued to explore and colonize the Americas.

First Explorers From Europe

• Many theories about people who came before Columbus• Vikings, seafaring people from

Scandinavia, had a settlement in Newfoundland

Voyages of Columbus

• Christopher Columbus: explorer who believed he could reach Asia by going West• Moved to Portugal from Italy to study

sailing• Talked to the King of Portugal, he didn’t

believe in Columbus, so Columbus went to Spain for help

King of Portugal believed in Bartholomew’s plan instead of Columbus’

Setting Sail

• 1492 Columbus and 90 set sail• 3 ships: Santa Clara(Nina), Pinta, Santa

Maria• 2 month journey• Believed he was in the East Indies

More Voyages

• 2nd trip: West Indies, plan to colonize and take over land• 3rd trip: Northern coast of South America,

thought he was in Asia again• 4th trip: Tried to prove he had reached

Asia again

Search for Asia Continues

• Amerigo Verspucci, followed Columbus’ routes, knew he had not reached Asia• Vasco Nunez de Balboa; spanish colonist,

and first European to see the Pacific Ocean

• Ferdinand Magellan; Portuguese explorer; wanted to find an Atlantic-Pacific passage•Was looking for a strait( a narrow passage

that connects two bodies of water)• Circumnavigate( to travel around)

Columbian Exchange

• Transfer of people, products and ideas• Positives: new animals and food• Negatives: diseases

Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas

I can understand how Spain established an empire in the Americas.

Tree Map Information

• Bullet #1: Spanish conquistadors conquered Native American civilizations in the Americas.• Bullet #2: As the Spanish Empire grew,

Native American workers were harshly treated.• Bullet #3: A strict class system

developed in Spain’s American colonies.

Spanish Conquistadors

• Conquistador: soldier-adventurers, wanted money and glory• Hernando Cortes: conquistador, went

from Cuba to Mexico•Montezuma: Aztec leader who tried

offering Cortes gold to leave them alone• Gold starts problems for natives

Spanish Explorers in North America• Juan Ponce de Leon: found Florida• Searched Florida for gold, found Native

Americans• Fought with Native Americans• “7 cities of gold”(myth), brought more

explorers into North America

Harsh Life for Native Americans• Land given to settlers• Plantations formed (large farms worked

by laborers who lived on the property)• Spanish government granted encomiendas

(land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans)

• Bartolome de Las Casas: priest sent to reform encomiendas system• Spanish wanted the natives to become

Christians• Set up missions(religious settlements)

The Trade in Humans

• Natives dying• Look for new source of labor

Society in the Spanish Colonies

• Strict social system• Top: Peninsulares(Spanish colonists who had be

born in Spain• Creoles: colonists born in America of two

Spanish parents•Mestizos: people of Spanish and Indian heritage•Mulattos: people of Spanish and African

heritage• Bottom: Native Americans and African

Americans

Section 3: Europeans Compete in North America

I can understand how the conflicts in Europe spurred exploration in North America.

Tree Map Information•Bullet #1: During the reformation, the

authority of the Roman Catholic Church was challenged.•Bullet #2: The defeat of the Spanish

Armada undermined Spanish control of the seas.•Bullet #3: European Explorers

continued to seek a northwest passage to Asia.

Religious Conflicts

• Reformation: split of Catholic Church• Protestant churches growing• Church of England started

Economic Conflicts

•Wars cost $, wars occur often• Countries wanted colonies to make

money•Mercantilism: colonies existed to make

their home country wealthy and powerful

Spanish Armada

• England was Protestant, Queen Elizabeth I, rivals with Spain• Spain wanted England to be Catholic• King Phillip II, Spain sent ships to England•Wanted Elizabeth off the throne• Spain fails

Northern Voyages

• John Cabot: Italian explorer, wants a northern route to Asia, supported by English• Reached Newfoundland• Northwest passage: sea route from the

Atlantic to the Pacific that passed through or around North America• Henry Hudson: English explorer, makes 4

trips to try and find the passage

Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America

I can understand the impact of the establishment of French and Dutch colonies in North America on Native Americans.

Tree Map Information•Bullet #1: Colonists in New France

established a fur trade with Native Americans.•Bullet #2: The Dutch established

permanent settlements in what is now the northeastern United States.•Bullet #3: The French and the Dutch

settlements had a negative impact on Native American life.

New France

• 1600s French settle colonies• Samuel de Champlain: explorer,

establishes settlements in North America and Canada

Life in New France

•Made $ from fish and furs• Traded with Native Americans• Beavers=$$• Didn’t farm until late 1600s

Exploring the Mississippi

• Expansion of New France• Jacques Marquette: French missionary,

founded 2 missions• Traveled with Louis Joliet and found a

water route to the Mississippi• La Salle explored the river to the end and

named the region Louisiana

New Netherland

• 1610, Dutch came to Hudson River valley and begin trade with Natives• Start a permanent colony• Buy land from Indians and called it New

Amsterdam• New Netherland was taken over by the

English and renamed New York

The Impact on Native Americans• French and Dutch made alliances(an

agreement between parties that benefits them both) with Indians• Often with Indians who were enemies• Led to fighting• Disease killed natives• Animals started to disappear