Chapter 2

World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)

Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman

Chapter 2: EuropeChapter 2: Europe

Robert M. ArthurRobert M. Arthur

EuropeEurope

Highest Population Densities in the Highest Population Densities in the Developed WorldDeveloped World

Urals – Traditional Western BoundaryUrals – Traditional Western Boundary The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

- State socialismState socialism- Satellite statesSatellite states

European UnionEuropean Union

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

3

Setting the BoundariesSetting the Boundaries

40 countries ranging from large states 40 countries ranging from large states (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., Andorra)Andorra)

Relatively small region; Densely settledRelatively small region; Densely settled

Shared history amidst cultural diversityShared history amidst cultural diversity

EuropeEurope


5

Europe

Figure 8.1

Arctic NorwayUnder the midnight sun of

arctic Norway, the many

troublesome issues facing

Europe seem far away, at

least for the moment.

(Les Rowntree)


6

Europe is about two-thirds

the size of North America,

as shown in this

cartographic comparison.

Another important

characteristic is the

northerly location of the

region, which affects its

climate, vegetation, and

agriculture. Much of

Europe lies at the same

latitude as Canada; even

the Mediterranean lands

are farther north than

the United States–

Mexico border.

Landforms & LandscapesLandforms & Landscapes Importance of the seaImportance of the sea

- IslandsIslands- PeninsulasPeninsulas

Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions- Northwestern uplandsNorthwestern uplands- Alpine systemAlpine system- Central plateausCentral plateaus- North European lowlandsNorth European lowlands

Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions

Northwestern UplandsNorthwestern Uplands

Alpine EuropeAlpine Europe

Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions

Central PlateausCentral Plateaus

North European North European LowlandsLowlands


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Landform RegionsLandform Regions

European LowlandsEuropean Lowlands

Alpine Mountain Alpine Mountain SystemSystem

Central UplandsCentral Uplands

Western HighlandsWestern Highlands


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Climate

Although along the same line of latitude as northern Canada, Europe has much milder climates. What accounts for this difference?

Global Climate Regions

ClimographA standard scheme, called the Köppen system after the Austrian geographer who

devised it in the early twentieth century, is used to describe the world's diverse

climates. A combination of letters refers to the general climate type, along with its

precipitation and temperature characteristics. More specifically, the A climates are

tropical, the B climates are dry, the C climates are generally moderate and are found

in the middle latitudes, and the D climates are associated with continental and high-

latitude locations.

Mediterranean EuropeMediterranean Europe

From Southern Spain to Eastern GreeceFrom Southern Spain to Eastern Greece Mediterranean ClimateMediterranean Climate Ancient Land Tenure SystemsAncient Land Tenure Systems

- Centuration, latifundia & minifundiaCenturation, latifundia & minifundia

Europe in the World-SystemEurope in the World-System

Greek EmpireGreek Empire- AthensAthens- CorinthCorinth

Roman EmpireRoman Empire- EngineeringEngineering- RoadsRoads

Feudal SystemsFeudal Systems

Trade and the Age of Trade and the Age of DiscoveryDiscovery

Merchant CapitalismMerchant Capitalism- Venice, Pisa, GenoaVenice, Pisa, Genoa- The Hanseatic LeagueThe Hanseatic League

InnovationInnovation- Business organizationBusiness organization- MachineryMachinery

The Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery- Ship buildingShip building- NavigationNavigation

Industrialization & Industrialization & ImperialismImperialism

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution- Three WavesThree Waves- 1790-18591790-1859

• Localized, steam, textiles, Localized, steam, textiles, ironiron

- 1850-18701850-1870• Diffusion, steel, machine Diffusion, steel, machine

tools, railwaystools, railways

- 1870-19201870-1920• ReorganizationReorganization• Core-peripheryCore-periphery• ElectricityElectricity


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Industrial Industrial Revolution Revolution and Beyondand Beyond

Figure 8.36

ImperialismImperialism Economic and Economic and

Military DominationMilitary Domination- Global expansion Global expansion

World War IWorld War I The Great The Great

DepressionDepression World War IIWorld War II

- The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Iron CurtainIron Curtain

- Buffer zoneBuffer zone

State SocialismState Socialism- Command Command

economieseconomies

IndustrializationIndustrialization- Agglomeration Agglomeration

economieseconomies- Egalitarian societyEgalitarian society

1989 - Collapse1989 - Collapse

Peoples of EuropePeoples of Europe

DensityDensity- Dense coreDense core- Sparse peripherySparse periphery- Slow growthSlow growth

European DiasporaEuropean Diaspora Internal MigrationInternal Migration Migrant WorkersMigrant Workers


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Demographic Demographic TrendsTrends

- Slow or Negative RNI

- High Densities

Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid Age-Sex PyramidAge-Sex Pyramid

- Tremendous Tremendous informationinformation

- Males – leftMales – left- Females – RightFemales – Right- Shows the population Shows the population

structurestructure- Can be used for Can be used for

forecastingforecasting

Migration Within EuropeMigration Within Europe IndustrializationIndustrialization

- Workers to industrial Workers to industrial areas near coal fieldsareas near coal fields

- Rural to urbanRural to urban- War and political War and political

upheavalupheaval

Current MigrationCurrent Migration- Rural to urban continuesRural to urban continues- Migrant workersMigrant workers- East to westEast to west- Balkan conflictBalkan conflict


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Guest Workers and “Fortress Guest Workers and “Fortress Europe”Europe”

Illegal Migration to Europe

Czech Republic Border Station

European Cultural European Cultural TraditionsTraditions

GreeksGreeks- Rational inquiryRational inquiry- PhilosophyPhilosophy

RomansRomans- LawLaw- AdministrationAdministration

Judeo-ChristianJudeo-Christian- IndividualityIndividuality

ModernityModernity

EnlightenmentEnlightenment RadicalismRadicalism

- MarxismMarxism- StructuralismStructuralism- ExistentialismExistentialism- PostmodernismPostmodernism

Gender and Gender and InequalityInequality- FeminismFeminism

Culture & EthnicityCulture & Ethnicity

NorthNorth- ProtestantProtestant- Germanic languagesGermanic languages

SouthSouth- CatholicCatholic- Larger familiesLarger families- Romance languagesRomance languages

1648 The Treaty of 1648 The Treaty of WestphaliaWestphalia- The Nation-stateThe Nation-state

XenophobiaXenophobia


27

Linguistic Linguistic DiversityDiversity

Removing Cyrillic Letters in Pristina, Kosovo


28

Religious Religious DiversityDiversity

Tensions in Northern Ireland


29

Contemporary Religious Contemporary Religious LandscapesLandscapes

Expanding diversityExpanding diversity- IslamIslam- JudaismJudaism

Trends toward Trends toward secularizationsecularization

Jewish Synagogue in Berlin

Turkish Store in Germany

Ethnicity and National Ethnicity and National IdentityIdentity

Many Local Many Local GroupsGroups

Leads to:Leads to:- RegionalizationRegionalization- SeparationSeparation- BalkanizationBalkanization- Enclaves and Enclaves and

exclavesexclaves- Ethnic cleansingEthnic cleansing


31

Geopolitical Geopolitical FrameworkFramework

Figure 8.29

Terrorism in Madrid

Conflict in the BalkansConflict in the Balkans

BalkanizationBalkanization Enclaves and ExclavesEnclaves and Exclaves

Ethnic CleansingEthnic Cleansing

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Europe—The BalkansEurope—The Balkans

Kosovar Refugees

The diverse and complicated mosaic of ethnic diversity in the Balkans has led to geopolitical fragmentation in recent decades. Not only is the area a meeting ground for Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam, but complex linguistic boundaries complicate ethnic and national identity. Further, a long history of discrimination and retaliation between ethnic groups is embedded in ethnic consciousness.

Thousands of Muslim Kosovars were forced to flee the Yugoslavian province of Kosovo during a period of ethnic cleansing by Serbian forces in the late 1990s. This violence led to aerial bombardment of former Yugoslavia by NATO planes to force Serbian leaders to accept UN peacekeepers in the province. Currently, Kosovo is administered by the UN while the possibility of independence from Serbia is discussed


34

Geopolitical Geopolitical ChangeChange

At the outset of the twentieth century,

central Europe was dominated by the

German, Austro-Hungarian

(or Hapsburg), and Russian empires.

Following World War I, these empires

were largely replaced by a mosaic of

nation-states. More border changes

followed World War II, largely as a

result of the Soviet Union's turning

that area into a buffer zone between

itself and western Europe. With the

demise of Soviet hegemony in 1989,

further political change took place.

Contemporary ChallengesContemporary Challenges 13% World’s Population13% World’s Population 35% World’s Exports35% World’s Exports 43% World’s Imports43% World’s Imports 33% Aggregate World GNP33% Aggregate World GNP

Welfare StatesWelfare States DisinvestmentDisinvestment DeindustrializationDeindustrialization


36

Environmental Issues – Overview


37

Environmental Issues (cont’d)Environmental Issues (cont’d)Acid Rain in Bohemia

Toxic Landscape in Romania

Changing EnvironmentsChanging Environments


38

Wind Farm in Denmark

Restoring Oxshott Heath in England

The European UnionThe European Union

EU Agricultural PolicyEU Agricultural Policy- Price stabilizationPrice stabilization- Subsidizing incomeSubsidizing income- Product specializationProduct specialization

- ProblemsProblems• Environmental Environmental

degradationdegradation

• Surplus productionSurplus production

• ComplexityComplexity

EU and Regional EU and Regional InterdependenceInterdependence- Common currencyCommon currency- Coordination of economic Coordination of economic

policypolicy- Redistribution of wealthRedistribution of wealth- Common external policyCommon external policy

- Benefits the core at the Benefits the core at the expense of the peripheryexpense of the periphery



InfrastructureInfrastructure- Trans-European Trans-European

Networks (TENs)Networks (TENs)- UpgradeUpgrade

• RoadsRoads• BridgesBridges• WaterwaysWaterways• Rail linesRail lines• AirportsAirports

High-Speed RailHigh-Speed Rail


42

The EU and The EU and Economic Economic IntegrationIntegration

Reintegration of Eastern Reintegration of Eastern EuropeEurope

1989 – 19921989 – 1992- Breakup of Soviet satellitesBreakup of Soviet satellites

RestructuringRestructuring- Remove price and wage controlsRemove price and wage controls- Create financial infrastructureCreate financial infrastructure- Create government fiscal systemsCreate government fiscal systems- PrivatizationPrivatization


44

Legacies of a Command Legacies of a Command EconomyEconomy

Bulgaria

Poland

Core RegionsCore Regions

The Golden TriangleThe Golden Triangle

AdvantagesAdvantages- WaterwaysWaterways- Capital citiesCapital cities- Industrial heartlandsIndustrial heartlands- Skilled labor force and affluent consumer Skilled labor force and affluent consumer

marketmarket

The Golden TriangleThe Golden Triangle EU Headquarters (Brussels, Belgium)EU Headquarters (Brussels, Belgium) Berlin, London and ParisBerlin, London and Paris Producer ServicesProducer Services Intensive AgricultureIntensive Agriculture Highly UrbanizedHighly Urbanized

- Connected by elaborate network of infrastructureConnected by elaborate network of infrastructure• CanalsCanals• RailwaysRailways• HighwaysHighways

Randstaad, HollandRandstaad, Holland

Urban AgglomorationUrban Agglomoration- DordrechtDordrecht- RotterdamRotterdam- DelftDelft- The HagueThe Hague- LeidenLeiden- HaarlemHaarlem- AmsterdamAmsterdam- HilversumHilversum- UtrechtUtrecht- 6 million inhabitants6 million inhabitants

BerlinBerlin SiteSite- Central locationCentral location- WaterwaysWaterways- Historical capitalHistorical capital

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution- Manufacturing centerManufacturing center- Banking centerBanking center- Transportation hubTransportation hub

Berlin WallBerlin Wall ReunificationReunification


49

Urban Change in BerlinUrban Change in Berlin

In August 1961, the East German and Soviet armies built a concrete and barbed-wire structure, known simply as "the Wall," to stem the flow of East Germans leaving the Soviet zone.

It was the most visible symbol of the Cold War until November 1989, when Berliners physically dismantled it after the Soviet Union renounced its control over eastern Europe.

BerlinBerlin


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LondonLondon SiteSite

- Deep water portDeep water port- Close to continental EuropeClose to continental Europe

Historical CenterHistorical Center- GovernmentGovernment

• ParliamentParliament

• MonarchyMonarchy

- Legal and financial Legal and financial institutionsinstitutions

- Cultural institutionsCultural institutions

DockyardsDockyards GreenbeltGreenbelt 7 Million Inhabitants7 Million Inhabitants

ParisParis SiteSite

- CentralCentral- River SeineRiver Seine

HistoricalHistorical- Seat Of GovernmentSeat Of Government- MonumentalMonumental- HaussmanizationHaussmanization

Cultural CenterCultural Center Social HousingSocial Housing La DefenseLa Defense


53

Historical CityscapesHistorical Cityscapes

MedievalMedieval

Renaissance-Renaissance-BaroqueBaroque

IndustrialIndustrial

Aerial View of Central Paris


54

Historic PreservationHistoric Preservation

Preserving Paris and Regensburg

The Southern CrescentThe Southern Crescent Secondary CoreSecondary Core Southern Germany Southern Germany

Across Northern ItalyAcross Northern Italy

Cheaper Land and Cheaper Land and LaborLabor- DeindustrializationDeindustrialization- Flexible production Flexible production

regionsregions

MilanMilan Leading City of ItalyLeading City of Italy

- ManufacturingManufacturing• Automobile, aircraft, motorcycles, chemicals, electrical productsAutomobile, aircraft, motorcycles, chemicals, electrical products

- ServicesServices• Finance, design, fashionFinance, design, fashion

- 28% of Italy’s national income28% of Italy’s national income


57

Social andSocial andEconomicEconomicDevelopmentDevelopment

End of Chapter 2:End of Chapter 2:

EuropeEurope

World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd Ed.) Ed.)

Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman

Chapter 2

Education

mediterranean europe

europe robert

wyckoff europe figure

world regions

wyckoff climate

cultural diversity diversity

global climate regions

large states