CHAPTER (1)_Matter and Changes

*Matter and ChangesCHAPTER (1)

*Definition of MatterMatter is anything that has: a) mass and b) volume

Mass is a measure of the amount of material in a sample of matter.Volume is a measure of the space occupied by a sample of matter.

Matter is made up of very tiny units called atoms. Each different type of atom is the building block of a different chemical element. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recognizes 112 elements, and all matter is made up of just these types.

*Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah Classification of MatterLecture (2) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

*Substances: Element or Compound? Substances are either: a) elements, or b) compoundsElements: are the simplest kind of matter. cannot be broken down any simpler and still have properties of that element!all elements are made of one kind of atoms.Compounds: are substances that can be broken down into simpler form only by chemical methods. when broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the original compound. made of two or more elements, chemically combined (not just a physical blend!) Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

*MixturesMixtures are a physical blend of at least two substances; have variable composition. They can be either:Homogeneous Mixture: are composed of two or more components that are equally (uniformly) distributed throughout the system, miscible (will dissolve), to form one phase. Examples: Sugar dissolved in water, alcohol in water, Apple Juice

Heterogeneous Mixture: are composed of two or more components that are unequally (not uniformly) distributed throughout the system, immiscible (will not dissolve), to form different phases. Example: Sand & water , Oil & water, Chicken noodle soup

Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

*Properties of MatterThe properties of matter are generally grouped into two broad categories: physical and chemical.

Physical Properties A property that can be observed and measured without changing the materials composition.Examples: ductility, hardness, melting point, boiling point

Chemical Properties A property that can only be observed by changing the composition of the material. Examples: ability to burn, decompose, ferment, react with, etc.Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

**States of MatterChapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

*States of MatterChapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

*States of Matter

SolidLiquid Gas *Chapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

*Melting, or Fusion, is a phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.Vaporization, is a phase transition of a substance from a liquid phase to a gas phase.Condensation, is phase transition of a substance from gaseous phase into liquid phase. It is the reverse of vaporization.Freezing or Solidification is a phase transition of a substance from liquid to solid under reduced temperature.Sublimation is the direct change from the solid phase to the gaseous phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. Important DefinitionsChapter (1) MATTER AND CHANGES Dr/ A. Abd El-Fattah

*The melting point(m.p) of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid.The freezing point (f.p )is the temperature at which a liquid solidifies under a specified pressure.The boiling point (b.p) is the temperature in which a liquid boils or it is a point at which a liquid changes to a gas.Important Definitions

* Physical change: A change in the visible appearance, without changing the composition of the material. It Can be reversible, or irreversible.

Examples: Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack

Chemical change: A change where a new form of matter is formed.

Examples: corrosion, burn, decompose, ferment, precipitate formationPhysical vs. Chemical Change