CHAPTER 1.Classification Principles

CHAPTER 1

CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES

Classification PrinciplesStudy of Plant classification is known as Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms. Taxon means group Taxonomy have two branches nomenclature (the naming of organisms) and systematics (the placing of organisms in groups) Systematics is a dynamic and flexible science in which the diversity of organisms and their relationships are studied Nomenclature = naming of organisms and a taxa to which they belong

Classification of organisms is important for the following reasons:i.

ii. iii.

iv.

It is essential that we are able to distinguish between beneficial and harmful varieties. varieties. It is important to record the world s biodiversity To communicate biological knowledge efficiently between scientists To develop strategies for protection and conservation of endangered species.

Classification system

There are two types of classification:A. B.

Artificial classification Natural classification

A. Artificial classification

This classification often categorize the organism based on economic or practical purpose Several characteristics are simple and easy to observe (eg.flower color, habit) Many plants in a category are not closely related to each other by descent from a common ancestor

B. Natural classification

Natural classification consider embryological, morphological, anatomical, physiological and behavioral of the organisms to determine the different or similarity among them. There are basically two type of natural classification schemes: Phenetic Phylogenetic

A.Phenetic classification A.Phenetic

Phenetic classification is a classification system which based on overall similarities It is based on the number of shared observable characteristics between organisms It is a quantitative approach- the more approachmeasurable similarities there are, the more likely two organisms are to belong to the same group

B.Phylogenetic B.Phylogenetic classification

Phylogenetic classification is a classification system which based on evolutionary history, or history, pattern of descent Organisms are grouped based on shared characteristics which reflect evolutionary relationship This means that organisms in the same group are believed to have a common ancestor

Classification hierarchy

Classification hierarchy= Taxonomy hierarchy Nature is characterized by diversity. No two individuals are exactly alike. These classifications can be arranged in order from the most inclusive group (kingdom) to the least inclusive group (species)

THE SEVEN MAIN TAXONOMIC RANKKINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIESThe highest taxonomic category A group of organisms constructed on a similar plan and thought to be evolutionary relate

A group of related order A category of taxonomic classification ranking above the family and below the class A group of related plants or animal forming a category ranking above a genus and below an order and usually comprising several to many genera A class, kind, or group marked by common characteristics or by one common characteristic A category of biological classification ranking immediately below the genus or subgenus

Major Taxonomic Ranks Kingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus (plural:genera) SpeciesEg.

TaxaPlantae Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Arecales Arecaceae Cocos Cocos nucifera

Magnoliophyta is a taxon placed at the rank of phylum; Liliopsida is a taxon placed at the rank of class

Major Taxonomic Ranks Kingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus (plural:genera) SpeciesEg.

TaxaAnimalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Homonidae Homo sapiens

Chordata is a taxon placed at the rank of phylum; Mammalia is a taxon placed at the rank of class

Living thing

Cell type Prokaryotic

Cell type Eukaryotic

Domain Eubacteria - Kingdom bacteria

Domain Archea - Kingdom Euryachaeota

Domain Eukarya - Kingdom plantae - Kingdom animalia - Kingdom fungi

Carolus Linnaeus

Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus or Carl Linnaeus , also known as Carl von Linn (May 23, 1707 January 10, 1778), 23, 10, 1778), was a Swedish botanist, physician and botanist, zoologist who lead the foundations for the modern scheme of nomenclature. nomenclature. He is known as the "father of modern "father taxonomy." taxonomy." He is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. ecology.

Nomenclature: Linnaeus system omenclature:

o

Nomenclature refer to the naming of organisms based on the Binomial Linneaus system. Binomial system devised by Carolus Linnaeus Each type of organism is given a two-part Latin twoname: First word is the genus name , begins with capital letter. letter. Second word is the species name and begins with small letter The scientific name is printed in italics or underlined when handwrittenWhen scientific names are used, there is no two species can have the same scientific name

MAJOR CROPS TAXONOMYK- Plantea

DCOFGS-

Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Arecales Arecaceae Elaeis guineensis, oleifera = Elaeis guineensis Plantea Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Arecales Arecaceae Cocus nusifera = Cocus nusifera

KDCOFGS-

Plantea Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae Hevea brasiliensis = Hevea brasiliensis Plantea Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Pooles Poaceae Oryza sativa = Oryza sativa

KDCOFGS-

KDCOFGS-

Classification of PlantaePlantae: Plantae:- a group of organisms multi-cells, multi-cells, eukaryote and autotroph and contain chlorophyll. chlorophyll. At least 9 phylum/division can be recognize in Plantae kingdom such as:Bryophyta,Filicinophyta,Spenophyta,Lycopodophyta,Gingkoph yta,Coniferophyta,Cycadophyta,Gnetophyta and Angiospermatophyta

The important phylum is Angiospermatophyta

AngiospermatophytaThe main characteristic of Angiospermatophyta:Angiospermatophyta:1. 2. 3.

Seed produce in ovary that develop to fruit Flowering and fruiting Complex vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

This phylum divided into 2 main classes:classes:

Monocotyledon Dicotyledon

SEED LEAVES MONOCOTS

LEAF VEINS

STEMS

FLOWERS

ROOTS

One cotyledon

Main veins usually parallel

Vascular bundles in Floral parts usually complex in multiples of three arrangement

Fibrous root system

DICOTS

Two cotyledons

Main veins usually netlike

Vascular bundles arranged in ring

Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five

Taproot usually present

5.1 COMPARISION BETWEEN.Monocotyledon One cotyledon Veins usually parallel Vascular bundles usually complex arranged Fibrous root system No cambium Floral parts usually in multiples of three Dicotyledon Two cotyledon Veins usually netlike Vascular bundles usually arranged in ring Taproot usually present Have cambium Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five

Quiz1.

2.

3.

Define the following terms:terms:- Taxonomy - Nomenclature Why organism classification are important? State 7 main taxonomy rank