Chapter 19: Causes & Effects of the Civil War

Chapter 19: Causes & Effects of the Civil War

Chapter 19: Causes & Effects of the Civil WarEconomic DifferencesSouthcotton kingdomPlantation systemSlave laborAgriculturalAnti-Clays American SystemNational BankingInternal improvementstariffsNorthManufacturing & factory systemUsed of immigrants for labor in new factoriesPro-Clays American System

Political CausesStates RightsCompromise of 1850CA added as free state & other territory popular sovereignty & fugitive slave lawsKansas-Nebraska ActPopular vote in territory on slave issueBleeding KansasCaning of Senator SumnerDred Scott v. SanfordSlaves were seen as propertyRepublican Party & Election of 1860Fort SumterSocial CausesSecond Great AwakeningAbolition Movement:Frederick Douglass & Up from SlaveryWilliam Lloyd Garrison & The LiberatorSojourner TruthRebellions:Nat Turner: slave rebellionJohn Browns RaidWomens Rights MovementSeneca Falls Conference (Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton)Declaration of Sentiment of RightsPopular SovereigntyCompromise of 1850:CA admitted as free stateNo slave trade in DCPopular Sovereignty in Mexican CessionStricter FSLKansas-Nebraska ActSlavery based on pop. Sov.Repeal Compromise of 1820K-N Act:Proslavery supporters from Missouri poured into Kansas vote early & oftenSoutherners won the election & created puppet governmentA beat downSenator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts gave a speech Crime Against Kansas where he condemned pro-slave southerners & insulted a SC SenatorSC Congressman Preston Brooks retaliated by beating Sumner with a cane

Anti-slavery LiteratureUncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher StowePortrayed the evils of slavery by focusing on splitting slave families and the phys. abuse

RebellionsNat TurnerJohn BrownOct 1831 in VATurner was a slave who led a rebellionResulted in 60 deathsConvicted and hangedBody was flayed, beheaded and quarteredMay 1856led an attack & killed 5 men; escaped justice1859JB seized the arsenal @ Harpers FerryKilled 7 Most slaves unaware of JB and did not rise up in rebellionFound guilty & hanged

The War StartsFebruary 4, 1861Confederate States of America was bornFort Sumter was one of few Union footholds in the SouthConfederates attacked and the fort fell out of the Union controlRESULT: United the North; Virginia and other upper Southern states seceded*1863: West Virginia was created

A nation dividedConfederate States of America:Before Ft. Sumter:South CarolinaFloridaGeorgiaAlabamaMississippiLouisianaTexasAfter Ft. Sumter:VirginiaNorth CarolinaTennesseeArkansasUnited States of AmericaMaineVermontNew HampshireMassachusettsRhode IslandConnecticutNew YorkNew JerseyPennsylvaniaOhioIndiana IllinoisIowaMichiganWisconsinMinnesotaCaliforniaBorder States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, DelawareMap of the North vs. South

First Battle of Bull Run (July 61)1st major battle of warIMPACT: North realized it was going to be a LONG & bloody war; South grew complacent and had trouble with deserters (felt the war was over)

Anaconda PlanUnion military strategy to strangle the South by blockading its coastsControl the Mississippi to cut of Confederacy in halfShermans March to the SeaCapture key cities in the South: Richmond, Atlanta, Charleston

Emancipation ProclamationLincolns declaration that freed enslaved people in the rebelling territory, but not slaves in the Union or Border States

CONFISCATION ACT: Union army could confiscate slaves as they invaded South on the basis they were contraband of warImpact of Emancipation ProclamationMany Northerners felt it went too far; opposed fighting an abolition warAbolitionists thought Lincoln did not go far enough; though some pleasedSouth accused Lincoln of trying to stir up a slave insurrection

Thirteenth AmendmentStanding in the way of full emancipation was the U.S. ConstitutionProcess was started on passing an amendment (passed after Lincolns death)Simply stated: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.Freedmen in the WarAfter the E.P., hundreds of thousands of southern slaves walked away from slavery to seek protection from approaching Union armies.200K African Americans fought in segregated regiments in the Union army and navyEx: Massachusetts 54th Regiment (Glory)The Union Triumphs (1863-1865)Turning PointsVicksburg (Spring 1863): Union controlled most of Mississippi River & New Orleans. Grant began siege against city of Vicksburg. After 7 weeks, Confederates surrendered the city. Union now controlled Mississippi & cut TX, LA, & Ark. from rest of ConfederacyGettysburg (July 1863): Lee took offensive leading an army into Maryland; 3 day decisive battle of the war; went back and forth b/t USA & CSA; Lee retreated & never regained the offensive

1864war winds downShermans March (Sept 64 to Feb 65): Started from Chattanooga to Atlanta to Savannah to Columbia & north; army of 100K destroyed everything in its patheverything the CSA could use to surviveIMPACT: broke the will of the South & its ability to fight on

Election of 1864Republican: Abraham Lincoln (i)Democrat: Gen. George McClellan

The End of the WarEffects of blockade, Sherman, spread hunger in much of the SouthGrant continued to outflank Lees army until they collapsed @ Petersburg followed by Richmond (April 1865)Confederate army surrounded near Appomattox Court House in VAApril 9, 1865Lee surrendered to GrantAssassination of LincolnApril 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln @ the Fords TheaterConspirator attacked Sec. of State Seward

ReconstructionChapter 22Reconstruction?YEARS: 1865-1877Attempt to achieve national reunification and reconciliation after the Civil War and improve life of former slaves4 Questions to answer:How to rebuild the South?What would be the condition of the A-A in the South?How would the South be integrated into the Union?Who would control the process: Southern states, president or Congress?Q#1: How to rebuild the South?Passing of the 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments were passedOutlawed slavery (13)Defined a citizen (14)Suffrage regardless of race or color (15)

Q#2:What would be the condition of the A-A in the South?

Freedmens Bureau: to help the unskilled, uneducated, poverty-stricken ex-slaves to survive (social services, medical care, etc)

Q#3:How would the South be integrated into the Union?

Southern states had to ratify the 13-15th AmendmentsSwear allegiance to the USObey emancipation

Q#4:Who would control the process: Southern states, president or Congress?

Lincoln and Congress had varying views on what to do with the rebelling states:Lincoln: recognize a new state gov; 10% of ex-Confederate voters to pledge loyalty of the US and obey emancipationCongress: 50% ex-Confederate voters to pledge loyalty; iron-clad oath; saw CSA as conquered territory and subject to Congress conditions and wishes

Ending of ReconstructionElection of 1876Republicans nominate Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, not GrantDemocrats choose Governor Samuel J. TildenTilden wins popular vote, 1 shy of electoral; 20 electoral disputedCompromise of 1877Hayes gets presidency, Democrats get:- federal troops leave LA, SC- funding for Southern railroad, waterways- conservative Southerner in cabinetCompromise means end of ReconstructionLegacy of ReconstructionRepublicans fail to protect rights they gave to former slavesUnwillingness to distribute land blocks economic independenceAmendments abolish slavery, give basis for civil rights legislationAfrican-American schools, civic groups increase literacy, opportunity