Chapter 10: Section 1 Main Ideas Main Idea #1: Islam was created by Muhammad in 570 ACE Main Idea #2: Islam is monotheistic, Allah is God, Quran is the sacred text of Islam, and Prophets were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (last great prophet) Main Idea #3: Followers of Islam are called Muslims, and Muslims are to follow the 5 Pillars
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Chapter 10: Section 1 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: Islam was created by Muhammad in 570 ACE
Main Idea #2: Islam is monotheistic, Allah is God, Quran is the sacred text of Islam, and Prophets were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (last great prophet)
Main Idea #3: Followers of Islam are called Muslims, and Muslims are to follow the 5 Pillars
• Section 1: The Rise of Islam begins in the Arabian Peninsula (mostly desert) involving Bedouins & Arabs
• Muhammad Becomes a Prophet, was born in 570 ACE in Mecca, as a youth he worked as a shepherd, later led caravans across the desert as a merchant, married at 25, and Muhammad was known for his honesty
– Muhammad Becomes God’s Messenger through meditation in a cave and being called to be a messenger of God by the angel Gabriel (start of Islam, and Allah was the Arabic word for God)
– The Hijra: A Turning Point came as Muhammad was threatened with murder, then started his hijra or journey moving to Yathrib (Medina)
• People of Medina became a umma (Muslim community), came back to Mecca and destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and rededicated to Allah
• Teachings of Islam: monotheistic (Allah), Quran (sacred text of Islam), people are responsible for their own actions, and Prophets were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (last great prophet)
– Muslims Study the Quran (sacred word of God to Muhammad) to know and practice God’s will for life (ethical standards: honesty, generosity, and social justice)
– Muslims Follow Duties (5 Pillars: 1. declaration of faith; 2. pray 5 times a day; 3. give to charity; 4. practice the holy month of Ramadan (fasting from sunrise to sunset); 5. to make the hajj(pilgrimage to Mecca)
• Jihad, or struggle in God’s service, usually dealt with personal duty for Muslims (overcoming immorality within themselves)
• Islam: (A Way of Life) begins to govern daily life, and Islam determines behavior and family relations
–Sharia – Islamic System of Law regulates moral, family, business, government and other aspects of life (developed by Muslim scholars, and does not separate religion from criminal or civil law)
Create a word map showing the beginnings and basic teachings of Islam
Muhammad created Islam
Muhammad Meditated in
a cave
Muhammad was visited by
the angel Gabriel
Islam began in Mecca / Arabian
Peninsula
Kaaba was dedicated to Allah / Islam
Pillar #1: declaration of
faith
Pillar #2: Pray 5 times a day
Pillar #3: Give to Charity
Pillar #4: Celebrate Ramadan
Pillar #5: Hajj to Mecca /
Kaaba
Sharia LawQuran is the sacred text
Began in 570 ACE
Groups of followers
were called Umma
Jihad / Personal Struggle
Chapter 10: Section 2 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: Muslims defeat the Byzantine & Persian Empires
Main Idea #2: Islam splits over who should be caliph, creating Sunnis and Shiites
Main Idea #3: Umayyad Empire is the first major Islamic empire, and includes Spain, the Byzantine Empire, North Africa, and into France
Main Idea #4: Abbasid Empire is the second major Islamic empire, and focused on learning and encouraging conversion
• Section 2: Building a Muslim Empire was in doubt when Muhammad died
• Early Challenges to Islam occurred as no successor had been named, but Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-law) was named the first caliph (leader of Islam)
• Divisions Emerge Within Islam over who should be chosen to lead the Islam (Sunni and Shiite)
– Sunnis: Muhammad was the last prophet, future caliphs would be decided upon their political position / ability, caliphs had to be a male from Muhammad’s tribe, and people followed the customs of the community
– Shiites: Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, should be caliph and only decedents could rule
– Today’s differences: religious practice, law, and daily life (90% of Muslims are Sunni; Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen; Shiite sect splits creating several groups)
• Rise of the Abbasids (750-850) began as Abu al-Abbas, Muhammad’s uncle, gained support from Shiite and non-Arab Muslims, and took over from the Umayyad dynasty (killed Umayyad family)
– Splendors of Baghdad (became the Muslim capital) was protected by a large wall, and focused on learning, had markets, palaces, and mosques (palaces and mosques known for their minarets)
• The Muslim Empire Declines through invasions by the Seljuk Turks & Mongols
– Seljuk Turks Take Control by migrating from the Central Asia, adopted Islam, and built an empire across the Fertile Crescent (which would eventually led to the crusades)
– Mongols Sweep Across Central Asia in 1216 and in 1258 (migrating from Central Asia) as Genghis Khan & Hulagu (Genghis’s grandson) looted and burned Baghdad (killing the last Abbasid caliph)
Main Idea #1: Muslim… Social Advances: ended slavery and allowed social
mobilityEconomic Advances: trade network, unified system of
weights and measuresMain Idea #2: Muslim… Art: had no figures of gods and/or human figures in
Islamic religious artArchitecture: known for minarets, arches, and decorated
with calligraphy Main Idea #3: Muslim knowledge had advances in
philosophy, history, mathematics, and sciences (medicine); both boys and girls received elementary education
• Section 3: Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age had freedom of religion and revival of Greco-Roman learning
• Social and Economic Advances included Arab, Persian, Egyptian, African, European, Mongol, Turkish, Indian, and Southeast Asian people (blending many traditions)
– Muslims Build an International Trade Network between 750-1350 using the Silk Road spreading products, technologies, knowledge, and using money, implemented partnerships, credit, banking
– Manufactured Goods Are Highly Valued as guilds set prices, weights and measures were used, methods of production developed, and the quality of the product increased
– Social Structure and Slavery allowed for social mobility, but slavery was common such as household servants and artisans (Islamic law encouraged the freeing of slaves as an act of charity)
• Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture were a collection of many different cultural traditions in the arts (no figures of gods and/or human figures in Islamic religious art)
– Poetry and Tales of Adventure dealt with desert journeys, joys of battle, or the glories of their clans, chivalry; poetry developed rules and explored religious and worldly themes
• Firdawsi wrote in Persian using Arabic script, and his greatest work was the Book of the Kings; Omar Kyayyam (Muslim scholar and astronomer) wrote The Rubaiyat; The Thousand and One Nights were a group of tales narrated by a fictional princess
– Religious Buildings had domes and minarets and arches, and were decorated with calligraphy
Examples in the United States how we incorporate or use a
Muslim advancement
Economics
Arts
Literature
Philosophy
Science
Chapter 10: Section 4 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: Delhi Sultanate rules over northern India
Main Idea #2: Muslims and Hindus clash due to the differences between Islam & Hinduism
Main Idea #3: Muhgal India had a strong central government, a policy of toleration, used paid officials, and treated Hindu princes as equals
• Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires became a blend of Islam and Hindu traditions
• The Delhi Sultanate came to power as the Gupta Empire fell and broke into kingdoms
– Muslim Rule Changes Indian Gov. introducing Muslim traditions and developed trade & education
– The Sultans Lose Power when Tamerlane invaded northern India in 1398, enslaved thousands, and the Sultan no longer controlled a large empire (region broke into rival Hindu and Muslim states)
• Muslims and Hindus Clash brought chaos and destruction on Hindus and Buddhists (killing many)
– Hindu-Muslim Differences: Muslims – a newer faith, one sacred text, one god, equality, no religious hierarchy; Hindus – thousands of years old, many gods, many sacred texts
– A Blending of Cultures occurred to unify government, religion, and economics saying Hinduism is monotheistic, rajahs ruled local provinces
• Muslim absorbed marriage customs, caste ideas, and urdu (new language, combination of Persian, Arabic, and Indian)
• The religion of Sikhism was a blending of Islam and Hindu beliefs / customs
• Mughal India was created when Turkish and Mongol armies poured through mountain passes into India (led by Babur, who claimed to be a descendant of Genghis Khan)
– Babur Founds the Mughal Dynasty by defeating a larger and stronger army led by the sultan Ibrahim and created the Mughal Dynasty (Mughal is the Persian word for “Mongol”)
– Akbar the Great (1556-1605) created a strong central government through toleration, he used paid officials rather than hereditary ones, and treated Hindu princes as partners
– Akbar’s Successors, his son Jahangir and grandson Shah Jahan, were weaker rulers
• Shah Jahan’s wife passed away and Shah built her a tomb (Taj Mahal), which is the greatest monument of the Mughal empire
Monotheistic, Religious & Moral duties in 5 PillarsBelief in Heaven, Hell, Judgment DayNo priests; all believers are religious equals
Hinduism
PolytheisticEmphasis on religious and moral duties, or dharmaBelief in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
Sikhism
Belief in the “Unity of God”
Belief in Reincarnation
Rejection of Caste
Chapter 10: Section 5 Main Ideas
Main Idea #1: Ottoman Empire takes over the Byzantine Empire
Main Idea #2: Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, had a strong army, Govt. and religion worked together
Main Idea #3: Safavid (Shiite) Empire fought with Ottomans & Mughals (both Sunni)
• Section 5: The Ottoman and Safavid Empiresdominated the Middle East through new military technology (some call this time period 1450 – 1650 “the age of gunpowder empires”)
• The Ottoman Empire Expands in Central Asia, in Asia Minor, and into Eastern Europe’s Balkan Peninsula
– Constantinople Falls to the Ottomans (renamed Istanbul)
• Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, a strong army, and had a theocracy
• Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, had a strong army, and gov and religion worked together
– Society is Organized Into Classes: “men of the sword” (all Muslims), “men of the pen” (all Muslims), “men of negotiation” (mixed) and “men of husbandry” (mixed)
• People were organized into Millets (religious communities, each with its own leader)
– Janizaries – The Elite Force made Christian families pay a large tax and give up their sons for military service (boys were converted to Islam and trained, and the best soldiers were put in the janizaries)
– Literature and the Arts produced detailed miniatures and illuminated manuscripts
– Decline of the Ottomans began with Suleiman’s death, bureaucracy became corrupt, and Europeans advance