Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment (1550-1800)

Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment (1550-1800)

Section 1: The Scientific Revolution

Causes of the Scientific Revolution◦ “Natural Philosophers” – medieval scientists – Aristotle◦ Impact of the Renaissance

Greek and Latin languages ◦ Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato

New Technology and Mathematics◦ Ships - trade

New instruments ◦ Telescope and microscope◦ Printing press

Searching for scientific discoveries James Cook

◦ chronometer ◦ scurvy

Francois Viete foundation for the invention of Trigonometry

Simon Stevin decimal system

John Napier table of logarithms

Study of mathematics Nicolas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton Scientific

Revolution◦ With the development of algebra, geometry and trigonometry

Scientific Breakthroughs Ptolemaic System

◦Geocentric◦“prime mover”

Nicolas Copernicus ◦On Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ◦Heliocentric

Johannes Kepler ◦Kepler’s First Law

Galileo Galilei ◦The Starry Messenger

Isaac Newton◦Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia)◦ “World Machine”

◦ Breakthroughs in Medicine Galen – Greek Physician Revolution in Medicine:

◦Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey◦ Breakthroughs in Chemistry

Robert Boyle Antoine Lavoisier

Women’s Contributions◦Margaret Cavendish

Received a traditional female education – no science

Wrote a number of works on scientific matters ◦Maria Winkelmann

Astronomer - her husband Gottfried Kirch Discovered a comet University of Berlin

Philosophy and Reason◦Descartes and Rationalism

Rene Descartes Discourse on Method

◦ “I think therefore I am”◦Separation of mind and matter ◦Father of Modern Rationalism

◦Bacon and the Scientific Method Creation of the Scientific Method

◦Francis Bacon Believed the scientific method would benefit science

that would benefit industry, agriculture, and trade – and help to control and dominate nature

Section 2: The Enlightenment

Path to the Enlightenment◦Enlightenment was a philosophical movement Scientific Revolution Reason was the key word for the philosophers ◦Reason, natural law, hope, progress

◦John Locke ◦Essay Concerning Human Understanding tabula rasa

◦Isaac Newton “World Machine Enlightenment thinkers

Ideas of the Philosophers ◦ Intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known as Philosophe ◦ Role of Philosophy

◦“applies himself to the study of society with the purpose of making his kind better and happier”

◦Use reason and facts◦ Montesquieu

◦Charles-Louis de Secondat, the baron de Montesquieu The Sprit of the Laws

◦ Scientific Method ◦ 3 basic kinds of governments:◦ Three Branches◦ Separation of Powers ◦ Checks and Balances

Francois-Marie Arouet – simply know as Voltaire◦Treatise on Toleration ◦“all men are brothers under God” ◦Promoted Deism

Denis Diderot ◦ Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and

Trades

New Social Sciences ◦Social Sciences◦Smith on Economics

Physiocrats ◦ individuals were free to pursue their own economic

self-interest,◦Laissez-faire – (to let people do what they want)

Adam Smith◦The Wealth of Nations – the state should not interfere

in economic matters Role of government

Cesare Beccaria ◦On Crimes and Punishment ◦“Is it not absurd, that the laws, which punish murder,

should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?”

The spread of Ideas◦ The social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau ◦ Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind ◦ The Social Contract◦ Emile

◦ Women’s Rights Mary Wollstonecraft

◦ A Vindication of the Rights of women◦ The Growth of Reading

18th century growth of publishing and the reading public Development of magazines and newspapers

◦ First daily newspaper was printed in London in 1702◦ The Salon

Salons – drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class’s houses ◦ Religion in the Enlightenment

Europeans remained devoutly Catholic Protestant Churches developed but were weak Methodism- John Wesley Gave the lower and middle class

Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment

Enlightenment and Absolutism◦Philosophes believed in Natural rights for all

people: Equality before the law Freedom of Religious worship Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Right to assemble, hold property and to pursue happiness

◦Enlightened rulers ◦Enlightened Absolutism

New type of monarch◦But did they really change?

◦Prussia: Army Bureaucracy Fredrick William I

◦Highly efficient Bureaucracy◦Civil Servants ◦Nobility

Fredrick William II (Fredrick the Great)◦Educated ◦Voltaire◦Dedicated ruler◦Nobility ◦Limited reforms ◦Enlightenment reforms

◦The Austrian Empire largest and most powerful Empires Difficult to rule Maria Theresa

◦ Inherited the throne in 1740◦Worked to control the empire

Joseph II◦ Most of the reforms failed

◦Russian Empire Catherine the Great

◦Peter the Great Six successors Peter III

◦Catherine II Catherine the Great◦Enlightenment reforms

Denis Diderot Nobility Rebellion led by Yemelyan Pugachov

The Seven Years’ War◦ Austrian Succession

Charles VI Maria Theresa Fredrick II of Prussia Austrian Silesia France - Prussia and Great Britain - Austria The war of Austrian Succession (1740 – 1748)

◦ 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle(1748)◦ Silesia

◦ The War in Europe Change of alliances 1756 – 1763 The Seven Years’ War:

◦ War – Europe, India and North America◦ Silesia

◦ The War in India Great Britain and France Treaty of Paris 1763

◦ The War in North America British and French Colonies – Trade French and Indian War Treaty of Paris

Enlightenment and the Arts◦Architecture

Versailles (Louis XIV) Unique Architectural Style Balthasar Neumann Church of the Fourteen Saints Palace of Prince-bishop Wurzburg

◦Art ◦Baroque and neoclassical styles ◦1730’s – Rococo◦Rococo Style

Emphasized Highly secular

◦Antonie Watteau Embarkation for Cythera

◦Giovanni Battista Tiepolo Fresco painting Allegory of the Planets and Continents

◦Music◦Johann Sebastian Bach

Mass in B Minor ◦George Frederic Handel

Messiah ◦Franz Joseph Hayden

The Creation and The Seasons◦Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

◦ The Marriage of Figaro◦ The Magic Flute◦ Don Giovanni

◦Literature Henry Fielding – English writer

◦The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling